1. Programma di misure: fasci e bersagli da utilizzare

2. FOOT goals
Primary goal: Target fragmentation in p+N collisions using inverse kinematics
proton therapy:
➜ RBE of protons
➜ Production of nuclei of interest for range monitoring in proton therapy through meas. of β+ activity
Secondary goal: Projectile fragmentation in N+N’ reactions using direct kinematics
hadrontherapy
➜ TPS/RBE in ion therapy
➜ Production of nuclei of interest for range monitoring in ion therapy through meas. of β+ activity
space radioprotection
➜ Fragment production in typical shielding materials

3. Primary goal: Beam choice
Beam choice is related to Human Body composition: beyond H, in practice only C and O are quantitatively relevant, a part few exceptions: Ca and sometimes P Hard to have Ca or P beams: ➜ we stick to C and O

4. CT stoichiometric calibration
CT segmentation into 27 materials of defined elemental composition (from analysis of 71 human CT scans)
Soft tissue
Air, Lung, Adipose tissue
Skeletal tissue
Schneider et al PMB 45, 2000 4

5. Primary goal: target choice
Target choice is related to the presence of H in solid material with simple stoichiometry and the possibility of extracting the N-H cross section by subtraction techniques: ➜ we can stick to the combination of C and (CH2)n

6. In principle we could make a single run with two-layered target: ➜ The resolution of tracker would allow to reconstruct the vertex with enough accuracy (FIRST experience), but: C
CH2
Are we sure that we can manage situations like this? Is it worth while? C
CH2

7. Other issues
What is the level of contamination of H in a “pure” C target?
This can be (has been) an issue in particular cases: is this relevant for our physics? To be carefully checked

8. Cross Section of main Beta+ emitter prod. by protons
In practice no Xsec values exist in usual data bases (es. EXFOR) as far as tje production of other emitters is concerned
Challenging!!
Needs a resolution on A which is hard to obtain!!
Especially on 15O
12C(p,x)11C and 16O(p,x)15O
MC: cont. lines
Exp. Data: symbols

9. β+ emitters generated by proton in water
Updated 29th April 2013
β+ emitters generated by proton in water A Z
Sym
Nuclei/p
Error
T1/2 (s)
Decay
Branching(%)
Qdec(MeV) 18 9 F
1.40E-05
28.57
6586.2 B+
96.73 10 Ne
2.00E-06 99
1.672 17
64.49
99.854 15 8 O
3.46E-02
0.9018
122.24 14
9.62E-04
5.573
70.606
99.878 13
5.40E-05
31.32
B+P
100 7 N
2.88E-03
1.913
597.9 12
3.78E-04
3.87
0.011 11 6 C
1.84E-02
1.049
1.59E-03
3.589
19.29
1.50E-04
9.189
0.1265
B+/B+A/B+P
/ /
/ / 5 B
1.07E-03
4.313
0.77
99.552
cabPETist-1.inp
MC calculation...

10. Summary for Target Fragmentation
Beam
Energy
Target C
100 – 250 MeV/u
Main Priority
(CH2)n O
Main Prioriy

11. A note about the amount of data
The first studies about the Inverse Kinematics approach show that for each case (beam/target combination) we need Nprimaries ≥ 5 107
(1 mm thick target)
Considering 1 kHz rate we need ~ 14 hours/case of good data.
Could not be totally trivial in case we need to take data in week-ends...
This opens also the question of target thickness:
fragmentation cross section vs probability of rescattering, MS, etc.
Another parameter to be optimized

12. Secondary Goal: Situation for Projectile Fragmentation
There is still a lot to explore in the range AMeV
New game in town: 16O beam for high-LET irradiation. No recent measurement campaign
C and O are similar in mass number but O is doubly magic and C is not → different shell structure
GANIL 95AMev C beam - E600 collaboration (2011)
LNS 62AMev C beam
(2009)
GSI 400Mev C beam
FIRST experiment
(2011)
To be repeated!
GANIL 50AMev C beam

13. β+ emitters generated by 12C in water
Updated 29th April 2013
β+ emitters generated by 12C in water A Z
Sym
Nuclei/p
T1/2 (s)
error_%
Decay
Branching(%)
Qdec(MeV) 23 12 Mg
11.317
18.95 B+ 22
3.8755 25 11 Na
15.34
90.382
1.8212 21
0.122 99
22.49
37.5 20
0.4479
66.67 19 10 Ne
17.22
15.07
2.2175 18 9 F
6586.2
7.875
96.73
1.672
21.28 17
64.49
3.5
99.854 15 8 O
122.24
0.4446 14
70.606
6.426
99.878 13
20.29
B+P
100 7 N
597.9
2.875
0.011
3.09 6 C
0.7474
19.29
1.664
0.1265
3.157
B+/B+A/ B+P
/ /
/ / 5 B
0.77
2.952
99.552
MC calculation...

14. Summary for Projectile Fragmentation
Beam
Energy
Target
C / O
100 – 400 MeV/u
C / (CH2)n
Main Priority
C5H8O2 (PMMA)
Lower priority He
100 – 300 MeV/u
Main Prioriy
Lower Priority
I would avoid other materials like “Solid Water”
(typical, H-8.1, C-67.2, N-2.4, O-19.9, Cl-0.1, Ca-2.3)

15. Secondary goal: Space Radioprotection
Galactic C.R. spectra:
H, He, C, O, Si and Fe would be the most important
The interest extends to GeV/nucleon but FOOT energy range ~coincides with maxima of fluxes
Here the priority targets are the typical shielding materials for spacecrafts, not human body
Energy:
100 MeV/n to 10 GeV/n
Projectiles:
from H to Ni (Z=28)

16. Beyond GCR: Solar Particle Events
These could be lethal!
the hardest spectrum ever measured for a SEP after 1956
Integrated fluence:
~7 109 (nucleon/cm2)
@E > 1 MeV/u
Mainly protons and mainly energies lower than the design range of FOOT (FARCOS could be more useful)

17. To be measured Isotopic cross section Elemental cross section
Fragment production or elemental cross sections quantify the probability for production of fragments with a given charge
The isotopic cross section describes the production of a fragment with a given charge and mass

18. Summary for Space Radioprotection
Beam
Energy
Target C
100 – 300 MeV/u
C / (CH2)n
Main Priority O He
C / O / He Al
Medium Priority
A>16
C / (CH2)n/ Al
Lower priority
Brookhaven?