1. Digestive System

2. Combining Forms
Amyl/o: starch An/o: anus Bil/i: bile Cholangi/o: bile vessel Chol/e: bile, gall Cholecyst/o: gallbladder Choledoch/o: bile duct Cirrh/o: yellow, orange Colon/o: colon Dips/o: thirst

3. Combining forms
Duoden/o: duodenum Esophag/o: esophagus Fruct/o: fruit Gingiv/o: gums Gloss/o, lingu/o: tongue Jejun/o: jejunum ile/o: ileum Lact/o: milk Pancreat/o: pancreas Pex/o: surgical fixation

4. Combining forms
Prote/o: protein Proct/o: anus, rectum Ptyl/o: saliva Pylor/o: pylorus Rect/o: rectum Sigmoid/o: sigmoid colon Stomat/o: mouth Sial/o: salivary gland, saliva Top/o: position Volv/o: to roll

5. Suffixes and Prefixes
-ase: enzyme -chexia: defecation -orexia: appetite -ose: sugar -pepsia: digestion -pexy: surgical fixation -phagia: eating, swallowing -prandial: meal -stalsis: contraction

6. Overview
Gastroenterology: deals with disorders of the digestive system and accessory organs
Parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
Accessory organs: liver, gallbladder and pancreas
Functions: to break down food into its nutrient components
To absorb nutrients and water
To eliminate solid wastes

7. Diseases and Conditions
Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix caused by a blockage
Ascites: the buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure or kidney failure
Borborygmus: a rumbling sound heard in the large intestine caused by gas movement
Cirrhosis: chronic liver disease where liver cells are destroyed
Diverticular disease: bulging pouches throughout the colon that bleed

8. Diseases and Conditions
Dysentery: enteritis caused by chemical irritants, bacteria or parasites
Symptoms: diarrhea, colitis and abdominal cramping
Fistula: an abnormal tunnel connecting 2 body cavities
Examples: rectovaginal, rectum to outside of body
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: (GERD) the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus because of a malfunctioning esophageal sphincter

9. Diseases and Conditions
Hematochezia: the passage of bright red, bloody stools caused by
Hemorrhoid: a mass of enlarged varicose veins in the mucous membrane of the rectum “piles”
Hernia: a protrusion of part of an organ through the wall of a cavity

10. Diseases and Conditions
Jaundice: yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by excessive bilirubin “hyperbilirubinemia”
Obesity: body weight exceeds the range of healthy; BMI greater than 25
Morbid obesity: severe obesity with a BMI of 40 or greater (100 lbs over ideal body weight)
Ulcer: an open sore that results from lesions of the skin or mucous membranes
Volvulus: twisting of the bowel causing obstructions

11. Diseases and Conditions
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines
Crohn disease: chronic IBD that can affect any portion of the GI tract “regional colitis”
Ulcerative colitis: chronic IBD with ulcers and constant, painful, bloody diarrhea
Irritable bowel syndrome: (IBS) common IBD with constipation, diarrhea, gas and bloating “spastic colon”

12. Diagnostic Procedures
Barium enema: (BE) colorectal radiography after introduction of a tracer
Barium swallow: radiography of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine after oral administration of a tracer “upper GI series”
Cholangiography: radiographic examination of the bile ducts to reveal gallstones

13. Diagnostic Procedures
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy: visual examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using an endoscope “upper GI endoscopy”
Stool guaiac: test on feces using guaiac gum to detect blood in the stool “hemoccult”

14. Medical and Surgical Procedures
Bariatric surgery: a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity
Vertical banded gastroplasty: the upper stomach is stapled vertically to reduce its size and delays food leaving the stomach
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB): the stomach is stapled, the jejunum is shortened and the duodenum is shaped into a Y reducing calories and fat absorbed
Colonostomy: excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the healthy colon into the abdominal wall using a colostomy bag

15. Medical and Surgical Procedures
Lithotripsy: elimination of gallstones or kidney stones using surgical crushing
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: using ultrasonic shockwaves to break up a stone
Nasogastric intubation: insertion of a plastic tube through the nostrils into the stomach for stomach pumping or to deliver food or medication
Polypectomy: excision of a small, tumor-like growth on a mucous membrane

16. Pharmacology Antacids: neutralize acids in the stomach
Antidiarrheals: control loose stools by absorbing excess water in the lower GI tract
Antiemetics: control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the brain
Laxatives: relieve constipation by facilitating passage of feces

17. Abbreviations BE: barium enema Dx: diagnosis
EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESWL: extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
FBS: fasting blood sugar

18. Abbreviations GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI: gastrointestinal
IBD: inflammatory bowel disease
IBS: irritable bowel syndrome
RBG: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
UGI: upper gastrointestinal