1. Lesson 1: Organic Chemistry

2. Hydrocarbons Crash course
Nomenclature Crash course
Alkenes and alkynes Crash course

3. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Are compounds containing the element carbon…
that bond to one another to form chains, rings, and networks.
Notice that carbon forms the skeleton of the molecule
Iso-butane
Propane
Benzene

4. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS C4H10 C3H8 C6H6
Usually have C in Front of their formulas
C4H10
C6H6
Iso-butane
C3H8
Propane
C6H6
Benzene

5. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Methane CH4 Tetrahedral ethene shape C2H4
A Carbon atom always forms a total of four bonds with other atoms.
Creates a characteristic shape:
Double bond 1 1 4 4
Methane
CH4 2 3 3 2 1 4 3 2
Tetrahedral
shape
ethene
C2H4

6. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Usually form… Covalent bonds with nonpolar molecules
They are usually Gases, liquids OR waxy solids with low melting points
Remember? Weak London IM forces
( big and sticky forces)

7. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Usually Not soluble in water (oily or waxy)
unlikes don’t dissolve

8. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Usually Non-electrolytes (except acids-COOH)
HC2H3O2 / CH3COOH (aq)

9. Usually have Slow reactions
With high activation energies

10. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain only carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest:
contain only carbon and hydrogen.

12. Homologous series: Series of compounds with similar structures
Members vary by adding more carbons to the chain
Will have similar properties
Properties vary slightly from one member to the next
1 carbon
Methane
2 carbons
ethane
3 carbons
propane
4 carbons
butane

13. Homologous series:
3 carbons
propane
4 carbons
butane

14. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
Major series include the alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Members differ by 1 C and 2 H’s: CH2

15. Homologous series: ALKANES
Contain all single bonds between carbon atoms in the chain.
Have the general formula CnH2n+2 where “n” equals the number of carbon atoms in the chain.
Member’s names always ends in “ane”.
The number of carbons in the chain determines the prefix to put in front of the name ending.
C4H10
C4H2(4) + 2
But
ane

16. C1H4 = CH4 methane
C2H ethane
C3H propane
Etc.

17. pentane
Pent = 5 C
ane = alkane
CnH2n+2
C5H2(5)+2
C5H12

18. Ethane
Propane
C3H8
C2H6
C2H2(2)+2 H H H C C H H H
Heptane
C7H16

19. So what is the name of this compound?
A “methyl” group
Address: #2 Carbon
On a propane “chain”
(C4H10)
So what is the name of this compound?
It has the same formula as butane
But it has a different structure
2-methyl propane
Its an Isomer
(I-som-er)

20. ISOMERS Compounds that have the same molecular formula
but have a different structure.
Isomers will have different physical
and chemical properties.
Also, the greater the number of carbons in a chain, the more isomers possible.

21. Naming ISOMERS 1. Name the Longest Carbon Chain: 3 so it is a Propane.OR 2 3 1 3 2 1
1. Name the Longest Carbon Chain: 3 so it is a Propane.
2. Number the Longest Carbon chain
for identifying bond location
3. Group Comes Off 2nd Carbon so its address is 2-.
4. Side Group has 1 Carbon so it is “Methyl” group so . .

22. Naming ISOMERS
2-methyl propane
(it is an isomer of butane).

23. IUPAC RULES FOR NAMING COMPOUNDS
Name the longest carbon chain.
Number the carbons in the chain so side groups can be “addressed”: (direction uses lowest whole numbers possible)
Determine the names of side groups.
carbon groups start with a prefix, then add “yl”.
if more than one of the same side group appears, prefixes telling the number of side groups are used (di, tri, tetra, etc.).

24. TRY THESE: n-PENTANE 2, 2 DIMETHYL PROPANE1 2 3
n-PENTANE
“normal” pentane
Count and name the longest chain.
What side groups and their addresses?
2, 2
DIMETHYL
PROPANE

25. TRY THESE: Still 2,2 dimethyl propane1 2 3
Notice: you could number the chain vertically?
Still 2,2 dimethyl propane

26. Name this:

27. Name this:

28. Name this:

31. Hint: move a carbon from the end to the middle of the chain
Make a 4 carbon chain with a 1 carbon group: “methyl butane”

32. SATURATED COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons containing only single carbon-carbon bonds – (have all “bond sites” occupied)
the members of the alkane series.
Butane is saturated with hydrogen

33. Unsaturated = are missing H’s from the chain
Has a double bond between C atoms
Missing H’s here
C3H6
Prop-
ene

34. Unsaturated = are missing H’s from the chain
These are all unsaturated
Can you spot the empty bond sites?

35. UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons containing double and/or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
Involves two or three shared pairs of electrons between carbon atoms.
Members of the alkene and alkyne series.
When naming unsaturated hydrocarbons, the placement of the double or triple bond must be identified.

36. ALKENES
Contain one double bond between carbon atoms in the chain.
Have the general formula CnH2n.
Member’s names always ends in “ene”.
First member is ethene.
C2H4

37. ALKYNES
Contain one triple bond between carbon atoms in the chain.
Have the general formula CnH2n–2.
Member’s names always ends in “yne”.
Number address of triple bond.
First member is ethyne.
C2H2

38. 1 propene 1 butyne 2 butyne Name These Compounds: 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

39. Name this:

40. Name this:

41. Name this:

42. One more:

48. Hint: draw it and see if you need a double or triple bond so each C has four bonds
Hint: see above hint