1. Organic Chemistry

3. Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks (it will run out)
Crude oil is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

4. Why is it so important to us?

6. Crude oil is a mixture of different compounds called hydrocarbons
Crude oil is a mixture of different compounds called hydrocarbons. A hydrocarbon is a compound made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes.

8. General formula
Complete questions 1-4

9. Different hydrocarbons have different physical properties depending on the length of the chain
Short chain
Long chain
Boiling point
Low
High
Viscosity (how thick it is)
Low (so very runny)
High (so very thick)
Flammability (how easy it is to set on fire)

10. Complete questions 5-10

11. Boiling points and separation

12. Complete question 11-26

14. Fractional distillation

15. Heated up so all different alkanes turn into a gas
Cool at the top
Molecules rise up and cool down
Condense into a liquid at their boiling point
Heated up so all different alkanes turn into a gas
Crude oil
Hot at the bottom

16. A mixture of:
A = boiling point of -42°C
B = boiling point of 125°C
C = boiling point of 380°C
50°C
Cool at the top
125°C
350°C
Hot at the bottom

18. Combustion

19. Combustion reactions are when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen
Complete combustion always produces carbon dioxide and water
The reaction releases energy which can be used

20. E.g. complete combustion of methane
Word equation
Symbol equation
Note that carbon and hydrogen have been oxidised (had oxygen added to them)

21. Incomplete combustion
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is not enough oxygen
Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide (which is a toxic gas)
Methane and ethane example

22. Cracking There are long hydrocarbons and short ones
The shorter ones are more useful
Used as fuels and to help make polymers and other useful chemicals
Cracking turns the long ones into shorter ones
One way is to pass over a hot catalyst
Another way is to mix with steam and heat to a high temperature
Produce shorter alkanes and alkenes
Alkenes are useful substances that are more reactive than alkanes

23. Demo

24. Balancing equations showing cracking
C10H22  C5H12 + C3H6 + C2H4
C10H22  C4H8 + C3H6

25. Test for unsaturation
Answer questions 37-46

26. Further organic (triple only)

27. Alkenes Triple only
Double bond
Unsaturation
First four

28. Questions 1 - 3
Start reading page

29. Reactions of alkenes Combustion
Same as alkanes but more often incomplete combustion
Smoky flame
Less energy

30. Questions 4-6
Read page

31. Reactions Additions with halogen Addition with hydrogen
Addition with water (steam)
Forms the di-haloalkane
Forms an alkane. Nickel catalyst at 60 degrees
Reversible reaction to form an alcohol

32. Alcohols Structure Functional group Homologous series Combustion Q9-14
Start reading page

33. Alcohols with sodium Sodium + ethanol  sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
2Na + 2C2H5OH  2C2H5ONa + H2
Questions 15-19

34. Alcohols in water Smaller alcohols dissolve readily in water
Can be used as solvents

35. Alcohol with oxidising agent
Turn into carboxylic acids
Can occur naturally in the air
Can be done in the lab

36. Alcohol formation
Alkene with steam
Fermentation of sugar

37. Carboxylic acids Formation from alcohols Reaction with carbonates
Notation for oxidising agent
Reaction with carbonates
Q20-27

38. Esters
Formed from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
Sweet smelling, used in flavourings
Only need to know ethyl ethanoate
Q28-35