1. A time for change To reform = to change
Reformers
A time for change
To reform = to change

2. Key Vocabulary immigrant – a person who settles in a new country
push-pull factor – pushes people out of their native lands & pulls toward a new place
famine – a severe food shortage
nativist – a native-born American who wanted to eliminate foreign influence
romanticism – a European artistic movement that stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion
transcendentalism – a 19th century philosophy that taught the spiritual world is more important than the physical world and that people can find the truth within themselves through feeling and intuition
civil disobedience – peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust
temperance movement – a campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol
labor union – a group of workers who ban together to seek better working conditions
strike – to stop work to demand better working conditions
abolition – the movement to end slavery
suffrage – the right to vote
Underground Railroad – a series of escape routes used by slaves escaping the South
Seneca Falls Convention – women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, NY, 1848
Second Great Awakening – the renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and early 1800s

3. The hopes of immigrants
Millions of people left their home country to become United States immigrants – people who settle in a new country.
They came from Britain, Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and China.
WHY?
Freedom
Economic Opportunity - $$
Abundant Land

4. The hopes of immigrants
Different groups came for different reasons.
Germans – economic opportunity for farmers as well as businessmen
Irish – a disease attacked their main crop, the potato, causing a famine – severe shortage of food. They were fleeing hunger.
So many immigrants cause overcrowding in American cities and were unprepared.
Crime flourished, outdoor toilets overflowed, disease spread, not enough police or firemen

5. The hopes of immigrants
Many immigrants faced prejudice – a negative opinion not based on facts.
Some native-born Americans felt that immigrants were too foreign to learn American ways.
Many natives, called nativists, refused to hire immigrants and discriminated against them.

6. American literature & art
Many writers began to write books featuring the American wilderness and urged Americans to cast off European influence and develop their own beliefs.
James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Last of the Mohicans
Other books include The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The Oregon Trail
Noah Webster wrote a American Dictionary of the English Language
Henry W. Longfellow wrote Paul Revere’s Ride
Henry David Thoreau wrote On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (Believed as long as you were civil you could disobey and stand up for what you believe in)

7. Second Great Awakening
In the early 1800s, the Second Great Awakening – the renewal of religious faith – began.
Revivals took place in many American cities and spread westward forcing people to strengthen their beliefs.
People began to seek salvation.

8. Temperance Movement
Led by churches, some Americans began a temperance movement.
Temperance movement – campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol
Linked drinking to family breakups, crime, and mental illness
Families took pledges to stop drinking in their household.

9. Temperance Movement
Saloon is a bar

10. Education Horace Mann – led a movement for education reform
In the 1830s, Americans began to demand better schools to better educate children.
Horace Mann – led a movement for education reform
Mann set up the first State Board of Education in the U.S.
He demanded more money for schools and education for African Americans
Said every child deserved to be educated

11. Improving Education
Horace Mann – head of first state board of education
“the great equalizer”
By 1850 many public elementary schools opened

12. Care for the sick
Some Americans promoted to improve society’s care for the weaker members.
Dorothea Dix – led a movement for reform in mental hospitals & prisons
After visiting jails and hospitals and seeing the poor, dirty conditions these people lived in, she fought to improve their lives and living conditions

13. Helping the Needy
Dorthea Dix fought to improve mental hospitals
1817 – Thomas Gallaudet started first school for the deaf
1830s – Samuel G. Howe founded Perkins School for the Blind
Prison reform

14. Abolition movement
Abolition, the movement to end slavery, began in the late 1700s.
By 1804, most Northern states had outlawed slavery.
By 1807, Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States.
Abolitionists then began to work to end slavery.

15. Abolitionists
William Lloyd Garrison was a white Northerner who published The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper
The Liberator preached that slavery was evil and should be ended immediately.
He helped organize the American Anti-Slavery Society.

16. Abolitionists The movement to end slavery
1831 – William Lloyd Garrison published The Liberator
“I will not retreat a single inch – and I WILL BE HEARD”
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
John Quincy Adams

17. Abolitionists
Frederick Douglass was a former slave who was a famous abolitionist.
A powerful public speaker and lecturer
for the Anti-Slavery Society.
Published an autobiography of his
horrible slave experiences.
Spoke out about the evils of slavery
“If I Should Have a Country”
Sojourner Truth was a runaway slave who was a famous abolitionist & fought for women’s rights
Gave famous speech “Ain’t I a Woman”

18. Frederick Douglass Former slave who escaped to the north
Wrote an autobiography
Brilliant public speaker
Published an antislavery newspaper

19. Ain’t I a Woman?
That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?
Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman?
I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman?
I have borne thirteen children, and seen most
all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with
my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me!
And ain't I a woman?

20. Sojourner Truth Former slave who escaped to live with the Quakers
Famous public speaker who stood up for abolition and women’s rights

21. Underground Railroad
Harriett Tubman was a former slave who was a famous abolitionist and led runaway slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad.
She returned to the South 19 times to lead over 300 slaves to freedom – risking her own life every time.
Underground Railroad was a secret aboveground series of escape routes from the South to the North (usually Canada)

23. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a book written by Harriett Beecher Stowe about the evils of slavery. The book was based on true tales of the horrors of slavery.
VERY popular book – sold thousands of copies.
A poorly treated slave dies from beatings.

25. Women’s Rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought for women’s suffrage & equal rights for women.
Suffrage – the right to vote
She formed the Seneca Falls Convention - a national women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York

26. Women’s Rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
Held Seneca Falls Convention to call for equal rights for women
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
“All men and women are created equal.”

27. Reformers Review Horace Mann Dorothea Dix William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
Harriett Tubman
Harriett Beecher Stowe
Sojourner Truth
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Reform education
Reform prisons & ill
Abolitionists ending slavery
Abolitionist & women’s rights
Women’s suffrage