1. Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA

2. Essential Questions What controls cell activity?
How are proteins made in a cell?
3. What is the 4th major biochemical molecule in the body?
4. What controls all life functions?

3. DNA is the abbreviation for …
Bellwork – 4/22/15
DNA is the abbreviation for …

4. Ok, but what does DNA stand for anyway????!!!!

5. Yes!!! But WHY???? What is DNA? Where is it found?
It is the genetic information that is passed from generation to generation.
Where is it found?
It is found in the the nucleus of every living cell. No DNA = Death!
Does every single cell in our body have the same DNA?
Yes!!! But WHY????

6. The building blocks are called Nucleotides
What is tightly wound DNA in the nucleus of our cells?
Chromosomes!!
What is DNA made up of?
The building blocks are called Nucleotides
Sugar -- Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous Base
Phosphate

7. Let’s have another look at these nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA ---
shall we????!!!

8. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA:
Nitrogenous Bases (A T G C)
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Phosphate Group
PHOSPHATEGROUPS
SUGARS
NITROGEN BASES

9. A Adenine T Thymine C Cytosine G Guanine A T C G NUCLEOTIDE A T C G
SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
NUCLEOTIDE
HYDROGEN BONDS A T C G
T Thymine
C Cytosine
A T C G
G Guanine

10. Watson and Crick -- Won The Nobel Prize
Who discovered the shape of DNA?
Watson and Crick -- Won The Nobel Prize
What do they call this shape?
A Double Helix
SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
NUCLEOTIDE
HYDROGEN BONDS
Made of:
2 Strands of alternating Sugar & Phosphate molecules (sides of ladder)
Held together by 4 nitrogen bases. (A-T G-C) (rungs of ladder)

11. AGGGCTTACACATTT
TCCCGAATGTGTAAA

12. When would DNA need to do this?
THE FUNCTION OF DNA
What is replication:
Making an exact copy.
When would DNA need to do this?
How does it happen?

13. The replication of DNA
                                                                                                  

14. Replication
Occurs in the Nucleus
DNA

15. Parent DNA Molecule DNA Helicase Enzyme A T 5’ 3’ G C A T T A G C C G

16. DNA Helicase Enzyme A T 5’ 3’ G C A T T A G C C G A T A T T A A T G C

17. DNA Polymerase Enzymes A T 5’ 3’ G C A T T A G C G C A T T A A T A T C

18. New Strands of DNA Free Nucleotides A T 5’ 3’ G C A T C T A G C A G C

19. New Strands of DNA A T 5’ 3’ G C A T C T A C G C A G C T A T A T 5’ G

20. 3’ 5’ T A C G
On the “Leading Strand”
DNA Polymerase
continuously adds new
nucleotides, as it
follows DNA Helicase T A T A T A C G C G C G
On the “Lagging Strand”
DNA Polymerase
runs in the opposite
direction of the Helicase,
and therefore must make
a series of discontinuous
pieces (or fragments). A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A T A A T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

21. 3’ 5’ T A C G T A T A T A C G C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

22. 3’ 5’ T A C G T A T A T A C G C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

23. 3’ 5’ T A C G T A T A T A C G C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

24. 3’ 5’ T A C G T A T A T A C G C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

25. 3’ 5’ T A C G T A T A T A C G C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

26. 5’ 3’ 5’ A T A T G C G C A T A T T A T A C G C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

27. 5’ 3’ 5’ A T A 3’ T G C G C A T A T T A T A G C G C C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

28. 5’ 3’ 5’ A T A 3’ T G C G C A T A T T A T A G C G C C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

29. On the “Lagging Strand” DNA Polymerase Leaves a gap in the 5’ 3’ 5’ A T A 3’ T G C G C A T A T
On the “Lagging Strand”
DNA Polymerase
Leaves a gap in the
backbone of the newly
Forming strand because
It is unable to form the
Last covalent bond
In the backbone. T A T A G C G C 3’ C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

30. 5’ 3’ 5’ A T A 3’ T G C G C A T A T
DNA Ligase enzyme
can connect the two
fragments by forming
a covalent bond
between them. T A T A G C G C 3’ C G C G A T A T 5’ A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

31. We now have two identical daughter molecules of DNA, 5’ 3’ 5’ A T A 3’ T
We now have two identical daughter molecules of DNA,
and the cell is ready for a Mitosis or a Meiosis division. G C G C A T A T T A T A G C G C C G C G A T A T A T A T T A T A A A T T C C G G 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ G C G C

32. Ok, we know about DNA. Now what does the “R” in RNA stand for????!!!!

33. Ribonucleic acid

34. They are both organic molecules called Nucleic Acids.
So how is RNA different from DNA?
They are both organic molecules called Nucleic Acids.
What are the subunits of RNA?
Sugar -- Ribose
Nitrogenous Base
Phosphate
Nucleotides – similar to DNA

35. RNA – RiboNucleic Acid Made of nucleotides too, but some differences:
A = Adenine
U = Uracil
G = Guanine
C= Cytosine
Sugar = Ribose
Phosphate Group

36. Transcription: The making of mRNA from DNA

37. Transcription
Occurs in the Nucleus
DNA

38. The 3 Types of RNA: Transfer RNA = tRNA Messenger RNA = mRNA
found all over the cell!! Small & mobile!
Transfer RNA = tRNA
Found in the cytoplasm!
Small & mobile!
Ribosomal RNA = rRNA
Makes up ribosomes

39. Check out page 8 of your packet & fill in the review sheet on your own!!

40. Ok, now for a little review… (Try page 9 of your notes!)

41. Translation = Protein Synthesis
It is the making of a protein (polypeptide)
Amino Acids
Ribosomes

43. & cytoplasm & ribosomes
Translation
Occurs in the Nucleus
DNA
& cytoplasm & ribosomes

44. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s
START CODON 3’ 5’
Ribosome
Translation

45. Amino Acids m-RNA t-RNA’s 5’ 3’ Ribosome Peptide bond forms
START CODON 3’ 5’
Peptide bond forms
Ribosome

46. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s 3’ 5’
Ribosome

47. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s 3’ 5’
Ribosome

48. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s 5’ 3’
Ribosome
New Protein

49. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s 5’ 3’
New Protein
Ribosome

50. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s 5’ 3’
New Protein
Ribosome

51. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s 5’ 3’
New Protein
Ribosome

52. Amino Acids
t-RNA’s 5’ 3’
New Protein
Ribosome

53. Amino Acids
t-RNA’s
STOP CODON 5’ 3’
New Protein
Ribosome

54. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s 5’ 3’
New Protein

55. Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNA’s 5’ 3’
New Protein
COOH
NH2

56. Codon Codon Anticodon Anticodon 5’ 3’ AMINO ACID = AMINO ACID =
GAC
CUG
CUG
GAC 5’ 3’
Anticodon
Anticodon
AMINO ACID =
ASPARTATE
AMINO ACID =
LEUCINE

58. Notes should now be complete through pg 10

59. Now that you’ve seen the process, let’s try to fill in p
Now that you’ve seen the process, let’s try to fill in p.11 with the steps of Translation

60. What Are Enzymes?
Most proteins are enzymes (tertiary and quaternary structures)
Act as Catalyst to accelerates a reaction
Not permanently changed in the process

61. Are specific for what they will catalyze
Enzymes
Are specific for what they will catalyze
Are Reusable
End in –ase
-Sucrase
-Lactase
-Maltase

62. Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy
How do enzymes Work?
Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy

63. EnZymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy
Progress of the reaction
Reactants
Products
Free energy of activation

64. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the substrate
Enzyme
Joins
Substrate

65. Active Site
A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate.
Active Site
Enzyme
Substrate

66. Induced Fit MODEL A change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site
Induced by the substrate

67. Induced by the substrate.
Induced Fit MODEL
A change in the configuration of an enzyme’s active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved).
Induced by the substrate.
Enzyme
Active Site
substrate
induced fit

68. What Affects Enzyme Activity?
Three factors:
1. Environmental Conditions
2. Cofactors and Coenzymes
3. Enzyme Inhibitors

69. Ok, so what kinds of things can go wrong????

70. Why could this be really bad news???
Gene Mutations!
Any change in the order of bases on the DNA is a gene mutation.
What are some kinds of mutations?
Substitution
Deletion
Addition
Inversion
Why could this be really bad news???
What would cause it?

71. Cloning: Genetic Engineering:
The process of making new offspring from the cells of an organism.
Genetic Engineering:
Scientists can insert specific genes in the DNA of organisms.
By inserting DNA from 1 organism into the dna of another, they make Recombinant DNA.

72. What could they use this for??
Cloning:
The process of making new offspring from the cells of an organism.
What could they use this for??
Genetic Engineering:
Scientists can insert specific genes in the DNA of organisms.
By inserting DNA from 1 organism into the dna of another, they make Recombinant DNA.

73. The DNA Game!