1. Valuing cultural services: Including the value of time?
Emily Connors, Office for National Statistics (UK)

2. Cultural Services SEEA Categories: Non- extractive recreation
Recreation and Tourism
Heritage Value
Cultural Identity
Spiritual Services
Inspiration
Aesthetic Appreciation
Cultural Services
Recreation and Tourism
Heritage Value
Cultural Identity
Spiritual Services
Inspiration
Aesthetic Appreciation
SEEA Categories:
Non- extractive recreation
Information and knowledge
Spiritual and Symbolic
Non-use
Source: UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011)

3. A number of ways to value recreation….
Typically, revealed and stated preference methods
Travel Cost
Admission Fees
Value of Time
Willingness to Pay Surveys
Hedonic Pricing
Recreation and Tourism
Recreation and Tourism
Number of indicators which can be used, accessibility, time spent out doors, all of the above
We are after the valuation technique – Which of these do we use to give us a monetary value, do we use a combination
Which one to choose???

4. What SEEA says..
In physical terms, this ecosystem service can be measured on the basis of the number of people visiting the ecosystem. Pg 68
No clear direction on valuation, but a few warnings given for each approach. Pg
Rather than rely on behaviour exhibited in existing markets, stated preference methods depend on questionnaires or experiments to analyse individual preferences.
All revealed and stated preference methods rely on the construction of some type of demand curve or the use of an existing market with an underlying utility function. Consequently, there exists the potential, with further analysis of the models from an exchange value rather than a welfare economic value perspective, for these approaches to provide data or functions to be applied to estimate exchange values for use in ecosystem accounting
Warnings:
Hedonic – needs a lot of data
Travel cost –
Stated Preference Models - If designed correctly, this can permit valuation of different ecosystem attributes. Pg 122

5. Approach taken in the UK
Good data source from 2009 – MENE
Recreation = travel cost + entrance fees+ time
where time = hours * (UK average wage*0.75)
Recreation = 15% travel cost and entrance fees + 85% time
Time: £40bn or £13 a visit
TC: £6bn or £2 a visit
Approx
£2tr asset value
£170bn for just travel cost

6. How should we value recreation and should time be included?
SNA/SEEA consistent?
If only use travel costs then heavily underestimating the value nature plays in providing recreational benefit, but by including it are we over estimating?
Thoughts?