1. Lenin to Stalin

2. Stalin: Background
Returned to Russia after 1917 February Revolution from Siberia
Became editor of Pravada
Played little part in the October Revolution (his role was later exaggarated by Propaganda)
After the revolution he was appointed Commissar for Nationalities
Served in Civil War as a Commander
Came into conflict with Trotsky
1922 Appointed General Secretary of Communist Party-Used this position to build his power
Appointed his supporters in important positions

3. v.
When Lenin died there was a power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky
Trotsky had advantages:
- he had commanded the Red Guards in the October Revolution of 1917
- he had led the Red Army in the Civil War
- He was a good organiser and good speak
But he was arrogant

4. Stalin was under-estimated
- he was General Secretary of the Communist Party. He used this position to place loyal followers in important positions in the Party
- he was Commissar of Nationalities, which linked him to various nationalities of Russia
- he used clever political tactics-he joined with two of the Communist leaders, Zinoviev and Kamenev, in opposition to Trotsky.
- Zinoviev and Kamenev agreed not to publish Lenin’s Testament which spoke out against Stalin

5. Russia after Lenin’s death
Russia at this time needed to restore and develop its rural economy
If this development was achieved, the large working class would support Communist regime
This would also support a military that could defend against its enemies

6. 4. Trotsky and Stalin had different policies
Trotsky favoured the policy of permanent revolution, in which workers in other countries would be encouraged to revolt and spread communism. However many believed that change needed to be slow
Stalin believed in ‘Socialism in One Country’-that the Soviet Union should be built into a modern, industrial state
Stalin’s policy was more popular and was accepted by party members in 1925 because Russia had suffered enough

7. Stalin v. Trotsky Stalin turned against Zinoviev and Kamenev.
Trotsky was stripped of party membership and fled into exile in 1929
He was later murdered in Mexico by an agent working for Stalin
Stalin was now in complete control of the Communist Party and ready to transform USSR

8. Stalin becomes Dictator
Stalin was cold, hard and impersonal
After forcing Trotsky out Stalin focused on Russia’s development
His first steps was to build the USSR’s coal and iron industries and to develop public works like roads and canals

9. Stalin’s Totalitarian State
Stalin transformed Russia into a Totalitarian state
Totalitarianism described a government that takes total control over every aspect of public and private life
Stalin proposed to end NEP introduced by Lenin

10. Stalin’s Economic Reforms
Lenin’s NEP was a mixture of free enterprise and state control
Stalin’s economic policy called for total state control
He called for a command economy, which is a system where the government makes all economic decisions

11. USSR’s Industrial Revolution
In 1928, Stalin outlined the 1st of many five-year plans for development of the USSR’s economy
The five-year plans set unrealistic quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity

12. USSR’s Industrial Revolution cont…
The government set unrealistic quotas on consumer production
People faced shortages of housing, food, clothing and other goods
The gov’t controlled every aspect of the worker’s life, which took a toll on peoples personal lives
From , industrial production increased by 25%

13. Agricultural Revolution
In 1925, the gov’t seized 25 million privately owned farms
The gov’t combined them into collective farms
Peasants resisted the gov’t and Stalin used terror and violence to force the peasants to work

14. Agricultural Revolution
The kulaks, a wealthy class of peasants, resisted heavily and the gov’t executed them or sent them into exile
By 1938, more then 90% of peasants lived on collective farms and agricultural production was twice what it had been in 1928

15. Weapons of Totalitarianism
Police Terror
Dictators of totalitarian states uses terror and violence to force obedience
Monitored telephone lines, read mail, planted informers
Lavrent Beria
(right): head of secret police

16. Weapons of Totalitarianism
In 1934, Stalin launched the Great Purge, a campaign of terror that was directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power
When the Great Purge ended in 1939, Stalin gained total control of both the Soviet government and the Communist Party

18. Weapons of Totalitarianism
2) Indoctrination and Propaganda
Totalitarian states rely on indoctrination or instruction on the govt’s set of beliefs, to mold people’s minds
Party leaders lectured workers and peasants on the ideals of communism
The State supported youth groups and used them as training grounds for future party members

19. Weapons of Totalitarianism
Soviet newspapers and radio broadcasts glorified the achievements of Communism and Stalin

20. Weapons of Totalitarianism
3) Censorship
Stalin would not tolerate any individual that threatened his regime
Gov’t controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio and other sources of information

21. Weapons of Totalitarianism
4) Religious Persecution
Communists aimed to replace religious teachings with the ideals of Communism
The Russian Orthodox Church was the main target of persecution
Roman Catholics and Jews were also persecuted

22. Daily Life for Women Under Stalin
With the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, women won equal rights
Women had new educational opportunities, but were still responsible for their household duties
Women were supposed to provide the state with future generations of obedient citizens

23. Education
The government controlled all education from nursery school to the university
School children learned the virtues of the Communist Party
The party also set up youth programs called Komsomols

24. Agricultural Rev cont.
The kulaks, a wealthy class of peasants, resisted heavily and the gov’t executed them or sent them into exile
By 1938, more then 90% of peasants lived on collective farms and agricultural production was twice what it had been in 1928

25. Collectivisation
Stalin believed peasants were hoarding grain and reducing production to push prices up.
He also wanted 25 million workers for industry
Collective farms (kolkhoz)
Kulaks preferred to destroy their farms than give them up.
Over 5 million were executed or deported.
Agricultural production dropped as farmers did little on the collectives.
about 10 million died of famine as a result of this and bad harvests.
Eventually things improved but never reached targets

26. Second Plan
Focus on heavy industry and agricultural equipment continued.
Extra pay, holidays and prizes for great workers.
Stakhanov (15 times his quota-mined 102 tons of coal during a six hour shift) became a national hero
Huge hours, accidents common, dreadful conditions. Unemployment not tolerated.
Scale of projects (Magnitogorsk-a new industrial city that employed 45,000 by 1939) was enormous
The Third Plan started to produce radios, bicycles and other household goods but war put an end to that.

27. Assessment Great success economically. Human cost huge.
Full employment did mean a better standard of living.
Figures were often exaggerated.
Quality of goods often poor.
Big emphasis on education