1. CELLULAR TRANSPORT
1. Osmosis = Diffusion of water through
a selectively permeable membrane.
(Osmosis only refers to the movement
of water)

2. Membrane High water concentration Low water concentration Water
Water & High Sugar
Water & Low Sugar
Water

3. Water will diffuse from an area of high
concentration to low until concentration
is equal.
Water & sugar
Water & sugar

4. Concentration Outside Response of Cell
Concentration Inside
Concentration Outside
Response of Cell
Water Dissolved
Substance
Water Dissolved
Isotonic
Equal
Normal Shape
Hypotonic
Low
High
Cell swells, may burst
Hypertonic
Cells shrink. Plant wilts

5. 2. Isotonic Solution – the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same inside and outside of the cell.
The cell does not change shape

6. 3. Hypotonic Solution – the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than it is inside the cell.
The cell will swell.

7. 4. Hypertonic Solution – the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than it is inside the cell.
The cell will shrink.

8. Which conditions shown might cause a cell to burst?

9. 2 TYPES OF TRANSPORT

10. 5. Passive Transport =
Diffusion without energy
6. Facilitated Diffusion – molecules are
transported by a transport protein.
Ex: Transport of sugars and amino acids
* Occurs only if
there is a difference in concentrations
(concentration gradient)

11. 7. Active Transport =
Movement that requires energy

12. Enables materials to move
against a concentration gradient.

13. Membrane pumps – pumps ions
such as calcium, potassium, sodium

14. Bulk Transport – process where large molecules, food, and other
substances are packaged and
moved across the membrane.
Ex: Endocytosis, Exocytosis,
Pinocytosis, & Phagocytosis

15. 8. Endocytosis – membrane surrounds
substance and takes it in.
Phagocytosis – takes in large
solid substance
Pinocytosis – takes in small dissolved
substances

16. 9. Exocytosis – Expels a substance
from the cell

17. What cell process is responsible for the effect shown.
a. active transport c. facilitated diffusion
b. passive transport d. osmosis

18. CELL GROWTH
Organisms grow by producing more cells
Limits to cell growth
Cell volume to cell surface area ratio.
Cell must have enough surface area for
substances to enter and leave the cell.
* A small cell has a relatively
large surface area

20. DNA limits cell size.
Because: a. DNA doesn’t grow
b. DNA needs to produce enough RNA for protein production

21. DNA is the genetic material that is contained in chromosomes.
10. Chromosomes – contain genetic material. Located in the cell's nucleus.

22. 11. Chromatin – form of chromosomes that is stringy, long strands of DNA

23. CELL DIVISION = Cell divides into 2 daughter cells
CONTROLS ON CELL GROWTH = Cells grow until they touch other cells
Cancer = uncontrolled cell growth. Exhausts nutrient supplies

24. Which of the cells depicted in the line graph are most likely cancerous?

25. Cycle of Cell Growth and Division
12. The Cell Cycle –
Cycle of Cell Growth and Division
(cell reproduction)

26. 13. Interphase – period between cell
division (Intermission)
No mitosis occurring
DNA is replicated (copied)
Proteins are made
Chromosomes are not visible, appears as a mass of chromatin

27. INTERPHASE Centrioles Nucleolus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Chromatin
Nuclear membrane

28. INTERPHASE Centrioles Nucleolus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Chromatin
Nuclear membrane

29. 14. MITOSIS
Mitosis – process where
the nucleus of the cell divides.
Cell division of body cells.

30. 15. Prophase – the first phase of mitosis
Beginning of mitosis
Chromosomes are visible (shorten & thicken)
Nuclear membrane dissolves
Centrioles move apart and form poles of nucleus
Nucleolus disappears
Spindles form as tiny fibers between the poles

31. PROPHASE
Centrioles
cell membrane
spindle fibers
nuclear membrane
chromosomes

32. Chromosomes – made of chromatin .
A material made of DNA & proteins.
Sister chromatids
centromere
Chromosomes carry genetic material

33. 18. Centrioles (asters)– play a role in chromatid separation.
19. Spindle-thin fiber that helps with the separation of sister chromatids

34. 20. Metaphase- the second phase of mitosis
Chromosomes line up in the center
(they meet in the middle=meet-a-phase)
Separate spindle fibers become attached
to the centromeres of each chromosome
Shortest phase

35. METAPHASE
Centriole
Spindle fiber

36. 21. Anaphase- the third phase of mitosis
Centromeres that join chromatids split
Individual chromosome move toward
poles (centrioles)
(the chromosomes move apart = anaphase)
Anaphase ends when chromosome
movement stops

37. ANAPHASE
chromosomes

38. 22. Telophase- the fourth phase of mitosis
Final phase of mitosis
Nucleolus reappears
Nuclear membrane reforms
Spindles break apart
Chromosomes lose distinct form
and appear as mass of chromatin

39. TELOPHASE
Cleavage Furrow
Nuclear membrane reforms

40. 23. Cytokinesis = Division of cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis – process where
the cytoplasm divides
In animal cells, cell membrane pinches
together & 2 daughter cells formed

41. In plants cells, the cell plate begins to appear & 2 daughter cells formed

42. http://cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm Cell Mitosis

43. Results of Mitosis
Produces 2 cells that are genetically identical to the mother cell
* in single celled organisms, mitosis produces more organisms
*in multi-celled organisms, mitosis produces groups of cells

44. 24.Tissues – groups of cells that work together for a specific function.
Ex: muscle tissue
25.Organs – groups of tissues that work together for a specific function
Ex: stomach
26.Organ System- group of organs that work together for a specific function
Ex: Digestive system

45. Control of the Cell Cycle
Enzymes (special proteins) control
the cell cycle, from phase to phase
27. Cancer – occurs when control is lost
- uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)
- a change in the gene that controls
that enzyme production

46. Tumor – Mass of tissue caused by cancerous cells
28.Gene – segment of DNA that makes proteins
Tumor – Mass of tissue caused by
cancerous cells
Metastasis – cancer cells spread through
body in the blood

47. Cancer – 2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.
Most common cancers:
breast, colon, prostate, lung

48. Ex: Cigarettes, Pollution, Uv Radiation,
*Causes of Cancer
Genetic Factors &
Environmental Factors that can change genes
Ex: Cigarettes, Pollution, Uv Radiation,
& Viral Infections

49. Prevention – Diet (low fat / high fiber)
- Avoid Smoking
- Increase Exercise
- Take vitamins & mineral supplements

50. THE END