1. What human reproductive organ is functionally similar to this seed?
Figure 30.1 What human reproductive organ is functionally similar to this seed?

2. Gametophyte / sporophyte relationships in different plant groups
Mosses and other nonvascular plants
Ferns and other seedless vascular plants
Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
Reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living)
Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
Gametophyte
Dominant
Sporophyte
Reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition
Dominant
Dominant
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Sporophyte (2n)
Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside ovulate cone
Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers
Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte (n)
Example
Figure 30.2 Gametophyte/sporophyte relationships in different plant groups
Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers
Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside pollen cone
Sporophyte (2n)
Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte (n)

3. (a) Unfertilized ovule
From ovule to seed in a gymnosperm
Integument
Spore wall
Immature female cone
Megasporangium (2n)
Figure 30.3a From ovule to seed in a gymnosperm
Megaspore (n)
(a) Unfertilized ovule

4. Female gametophyte (n)
From ovule to seed in a gymnosperm
Female gametophyte (n)
Spore wall
Egg nucleus (n)
Male gametophyte (within a germinated pollen grain) (n)
Discharged sperm nucleus (n)
Figure 30.3b From ovule to seed in a gymnosperm
Micropyle
Pollen grain (n)
(b) Fertilized ovule

5. Seed coat (derived from integument)
From ovule to seed in a gymnosperm
Seed coat (derived from integument)
Food supply (female gametophyte tissue) (n)
Figure 30.3c From ovule to seed in a gymnosperm
Embryo (2n) (new sporophyte)
(c) Gymnosperm seed

6. From ovule to seed in a gymnosperm
Seed coat (derived from integument)
Integument
Female gametophyte (n)
Spore wall
Egg nucleus (n)
Immature female cone
Food supply (female gametophyte tissue) (n)
Male gametophyte (within a germinated pollen grain) (n)
Megasporangium (2n)
Discharged sperm nucleus (n)
Embryo (2n) (new sporophyte)
Megaspore (n)
Micropyle
Pollen grain (n)
Figure 30.3 From ovule to seed in a gymnosperm
(a) Unfertilized ovule
(b) Fertilized ovule
(c) Gymnosperm seed

7. Ginkgo biloba Pollen-producing tree with fleshy seeds
Gymnosperm
Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity
Ginkgo biloba Pollen-producing tree with fleshy seeds

8. Gymnosperm
Ovulate cones
Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity
Welwitschia

9. Gymnosperms: Conifers perform year round photosynthesis
Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity
Douglas fir

10. Giant Sequoia: 2,500 tons / 1,800 - 2,700 years old
Gymnosperms: Conifers Sequoia - One of the Largest and Oldest Living Organisms
Figure 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity
Giant Sequoia: 2,500 tons / 1, ,700 years old

11. Life Cycle of a Pine Key Haploid (n) Ovule Diploid (2n) Ovulate cone
Megasporocyte (2n)
Integument
Pollen cone
Microsporocytes (2n)
Mature sporophyte (2n)
Megasporangium (2n)
Pollen grain
Pollen grains (n)
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
Microsporangia
Microsporangium (2n)
Surviving megaspore (n)
Seedling
Archegonium
Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine
Seeds
Female gametophyte
Food reserves (n)
Sperm nucleus (n)
Seed coat (2n)
Pollen tube
Embryo (2n)
FERTILIZATION
Egg nucleus (n)

12. Stigma Carpel Stamen Anther Style Filament Ovary Petal Sepal Ovule
Structure of an Idealized Flower
Stigma
Carpel
Stamen
Anther
Style
Filament
Ovary
Figure 30.7 The structure of an idealized flower
Petal
Sepal
Ovule

13. Tomato Ruby grapefruit Nectarine Hazelnut Milkweed Fruits
Figure 30.8 Some variations in fruit structure
Hazelnut
Milkweed

14. Wings Seeds within berries Barbs Fruit Adaptations for Seed Dispersal
Figure 30.9 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal
Barbs

15. Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Microsporangium
Anther
Mature flower on sporophyte plant (2n)
Microsporocytes (2n)
MEIOSIS
Generative cell
Microspore (n)
Ovule (2n)
Tube cell
Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) (n)
Ovary
Pollen grains
MEIOSIS
Germinating seed
Stigma
Megasporangium (2n)
Pollen tube
Embryo (2n) Endosperm (3n) Seed coat (2n)
Sperm
Seed
Megaspore (n)
Style
Antipodal cells Central cell Synergids Egg (n)
Figure The life cycle of an angiosperm
Female gametophyte (embryo sac)
Pollen tube
Sperm (n)
Nucleus of developing endosperm (3n)
FERTILIZATION
Zygote (2n)
Egg nucleus (n)
Discharged sperm nuclei (n)

16. Angiosperm evolutionary history
Living gymnosperms
Microsporangia (contain microspores)
Bennettitales
Amborella
Water lilies
Most recent common ancestor of all living angiosperms
Star anise and relatives
Monocots
Magnoliids
Eudicots
Figure Angiosperm evolutionary history
Ovules
Millions of years ago
(a)
A possible ancestor of the angiosperms?
(b)
Angiosperm phylogeny

17. Angiosperms: Monocots and Eudicots
Monocot Characteristics
Eudicot Characteristics
Embryos
One cotyledon
Two cotyledons
Leaf venation
Veins usually parallel
Veins usually netlike
Stems
Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring
Vascular tissue scattered
Roots
Root system usually fibrous (no main root)
Taproot (main root) usually present
Figure Angiosperm diversity
Pollen
Pollen grain with one opening
Pollen grain with three openings
Flowers
Floral organs usually in multiples of three
Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

18. Mean difference in number of species Bilateral symmetry (N = 15)
Can Flower Shape Influence Speciation Rate?
EXPERIMENT
Time since divergence from common ancestor
“Bilateral” clade
Compare numbers of species
Common ancestor
“Radial” clade
RESULTS
3,000
2,000
Mean difference in number of species
Figure Can flower shape influence speciation rate?
1,000
Bilateral symmetry (N = 15)
Radial symmetry (N = 4)

19. Table 30.1

20. Summary Five Derived Traits of Seed Plants Reduced gametophytes
Microscopic male and female gametophytes (n) are nourished and
protected by the sporophyte (2n)
Male gametophyte
Female gametophyte
Heterospory
Microspore (gives rise to a male gametophyte)
Megaspore (gives rise to a female gametophyte)
Ovules
Integument (2n)
Ovule (gymnosperm)
Megaspore (2n)
Megasporangium (2n)
Pollen
Pollen grains make water unnecessary for fertilization
Seeds
Seeds: survive better than unprotected spores, can be transported long distances
Integument
Food supply
Embryo

21. Charophyte green algae
Plant Evolutionary Relationships: Clades
Charophyte green algae
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

22. You should now be able to:
Explain why pollen grains were an important adaptation for successful reproduction on land.
List the four phyla of gymnosperms.
Describe the life history of a pine; indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation.

23. You should now be able to:
Identify and describe the function of the following floral structures: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, filament, anther, stigma, style, ovary, and ovule.
Explain how fruits may be adapted to disperse seeds.
Diagram the generalized life cycle of an angiosperm; indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation.
Describe the current threat to plant diversity caused by human population growth.