1. Whip Around Two Truths and a Lie
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Whip Around
Two Truths and a Lie
Think about two true statements about yourself and one statement that is NOT true.
Be prepared to share aloud and we will try to guess which statement is NOT true.
For example:
I love pasta.
I love snakes.
I love JJ Watt.

2. 8 EMOTION Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 8
EMOTION

3. Our Agenda Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Our Agenda
Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
The Nature of Emotion
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Sharpening Your Emotional Communication Skills

4. Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Emotions are your body’s multidimensional response to any event that enhances or inhibits your goals

5. What Are Emotions?
(Ron Swanson)
Physiological Factors
When person has strong emotions, bodily changes occur
Increased heart rate
Rise in blood pressure
Increase in adrenalin
Elevated blood sugar
Slowing of digestion
Dilation of pupils
Flooding impedes problem solving

6. What Are Emotions? Nonverbal Reactions
Feelings often apparent by observable changes
Appearance changes
Behavioral changes

7. What Are Emotions? Nonverbal Reactions
Easy to tell when someone is feeling strong emotion, more difficult to be certain what emotion might be
Sometimes nonverbal behavior may cause emotional state
Verbal and nonverbal expressions often interconnected

8. What Are Emotions? Cognitive Interpretations
The mind plays an important role in determining emotional states
Experience comes primarily from label we give to physical symptoms
Reappraisal
Rethinking meaning of emotional charged events that alter emotional impact

9. What Are Emotions? Verbal Expression
Sometimes words are necessary to express feelings
There isn’t much agreement about what emotions are, or about what makes them basic
It is important to use language that represents degree of intensity
Problems arise for people who aren’t able to talk about emotions constructively

10. Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
We can understand many emotions by considering them in three categories:
Joyful and affectionate
Hostile
Sad and anxious
© Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy

11. Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Joyful, affectionate emotions include:
Happiness
Love and passion
Liking
© Brand X Pictures/PunchStock. RF

12. Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Hostile emotions include:
Anger
Contempt
Disgust
Jealousy
Envy
© Latin Stock/Imagesource/PictureQuest, RF

13. Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Emotion in Interpersonal Communication
Sad, anxious emotions include:
Sadness and depression
Grief
Fear
Social anxiety
© Rubberball/Mark Andersen/Getty Images, RF

14. The Nature of Emotion Emotions are multidimensional
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Nature of Emotion
Emotions are multidimensional
Physiological components
Cognitive components
Behavioral components
Social and cultural components

15. The Nature of Emotion Emotions vary in valence and intensity
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Nature of Emotion
Emotions vary in valence and intensity
An emotion’s valence is its positivity or negativity—some emotional experiences are positive and others are negative
An emotion’s intensity is its strength or magnitude—some emotional experiences are strong and others are weak

16. The Nature of Emotion Emotions come in primary and secondary forms
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Nature of Emotion
Emotions come in primary and secondary forms
Primary emotions—such as fear, joy, and surprise—are unique, distinct emotional experiences
Secondary emotions—such as jealousy, contempt, and remorse—are composed of combinations of primary emotions

17. The Nature of Emotion Sometimes emotions are meta-emotions
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Nature of Emotion
Sometimes emotions are meta-emotions
Feeling embarrassed by your jealousy
Feeling excited by your fear
Feeling surprised that someone else wasn’t angry

18. Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Culture and cultural background can affect the experience and expression of emotion
Geography affects emotional expressiveness: people in warmer climates are typically more expressive
Co-cultures sometimes differ in emotional behavior

19. Influences on Emotional Expression
Culture
A significant factor that influences emotional expression in different cultures is whether that culture is:
Individualistic (United States and Canada)
These cultures feel comfortable revealing their emotions to people with whom they are close
Collectivistic (Japan and India)
These cultures prize harmony and discourage expressions of negative emotions which may upset relationships

20. Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Expression is affected by display rules
Intensification
De-intensification
Simulation
Inhibition
Masking
© Glow Images/Getty Images, RF

21. Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Technology and computer-mediated communication can affect emotion
Relative lack of nonverbal signals
Opportunity for sharing emotion
Emotion about technology itself

22. Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Emotional contagion affects experience and expression
People tend to mimic the experiences and expressions of others
Emotional contagion occurs in both face-to-face and online settings

23. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Whip Around

24. Influences on Emotional Expression
Social Conventions
The unwritten rules of communication discourage the direct expression of emotion
Emotion labor
Managing or even suppressing emotions is both appropriate and necessary

25. Influences on Emotional Expression
Fear of Self-Disclosure
In a society that discourages the expression of emotions, revealing them can seem risky
Someone who shares feelings risks unpleasant consequences

26. Sheldon from The Big Bang Theory
(Sheldon and Penny)
(Sheldon and Amy)
What emotions can Sheldon detect?
What emotions can Sheldon not detect?
How can Sheldon improve his emotional intelligence?

27. Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Sex and gender roles influence both the experience and expression of emotions
Some research shows sex differences in jealousy, specifically
Men are more likely to experience sexual jealousy than emotional jealousy
Women are more likely to experience emotional jealousy than sexual jealousy

28. Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Sex and gender
Androgynous people are more emotionally expressive than highly masculine individuals
Traditionally masculine people tend not to express emotions of vulnerability

29. Influences on Emotional Expression
Gender
Biological sex is the best predictor of the ability to detect/interpret emotional expression
Research suggests that there is some truth to the unexpressive male
While men and women experience the same emotions, there are differences in the ways they express them

30. Influences on Emotional Expression
Personality
There is a clear relationship between personality and the way we experience and express emotions
Extroverts tend to report more positive emotions
Neurotic individuals tend to report more negative emotions
Personality doesn’t have to govern your communication satisfaction
OCEAN

31. Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Three personality dimensions affect how you experience emotion
Agreeableness: the tendency to be pleasant, accommodating, and cooperative
Extroversion: the tendency to be sociable and outgoing
Neuroticism: the tendency to think negative thoughts about the self

32. Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression
Emotional intelligence can influence emotional experience and expression
Ability to perceive and express emotion and to use emotion to facilitate thought and emotional growth
Alexithymia inhibits the ability to understand and describe emotions

33. Sharpening Your Emotional Communication Skills
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Sharpening Your Emotional Communication Skills
Identify emotions
Listen to your body
Pay attention to your thoughts
Take stock of the situation
Image Source Pink/Alamy, RF

34. Sharpening Your Emotional Communication Skills
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Sharpening Your Emotional Communication Skills
Learn to reappraise negative emotions
Accept responsibility for your emotions s
Separate your emotions from your actions

35. Guidelines for Expressing Emotion
There is not a universal rule for expression of emotion
There will be times when you can benefit from communicating your feelings clearly and directly
Research supports value of expressing emotions appropriately
Chance to improve relationships
Isn’t a simple matter

36. Managing Difficult Emotions
Facilitative and Debilitative Emotions
Facilitative Emotions
Emotions which contribute to effective functioning
Debilitative Emotions
Emotions which detract from effective functioning
Intensity=the strength of the emotion
Duration=the amount of time the emotion lasts
Rumination=dwelling on negative thoughts which intensify negative feelings

37. Managing Difficult Emotions
Sources of Debilitative Emotions
Physiology
Our genetic makeup (Communibiology)
Emotional memory
Father not present in life
Death of a brother
Wedding day

38. Facilitative or debilitative?

39. Managing Difficult Emotions
Self-Talk
Interpretations people make of an event, during the process of self-talk that determine their feelings
Event Thought Feeling
Being called names “I’ve done something wrong.” hurt, upset
Being called names “My friend must be sick.” concern, sympathy

40. Managing Difficult Emotions
Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions
The Fallacies (irrational thoughts)
The Fallacy of Perfection
The belief that a worthwhile communication should be able to handle every situation
The Fallacy of Approval
That it is vital to gain the approval of virtually every person

41. Managing Difficult Emotions
Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions
The Fallacy of Shoulds
The inability to distinguish between what is and what should be
The Fallacy of Overgeneralization
Basing a decision on limited information
When we exaggerate shortcomings
The Fallacy of Causation
The irrational belief that emotions are caused by others rather than by one’s own self-talk

42. Managing Difficult Emotions
Irrational Thinking
The Fallacy of Helplessness
Satisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond your control
The Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations
The assumption that if something bad can happen, then it is going to happen

43. Managing Difficult Emotions
Minimizing Debilitative Emotions
Monitor your emotional reactions
Note the activating event
Record your self-talk
Reappraise your irrational beliefs

44. Ellen and emotions

45. Exercise 1
You just earned a failing grade on your algebra midterm. You are very upset and when you come home your romantic partner asks, “what’s wrong with you?” How do you express your feelings? What do you say to your partner?

46. Exercise 2
Your romantic partner tells you for the first time, “I love you.” You initially are excited but then you immediately think “we have only been dating for 4 weeks, I don’t feel the same way.” How do you express this emotion? What do you say to your romantic partner?