1. Introduction to Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

2. Ques: Give the definition of Mobile Comm. and cellular Comm.
Mobile Communication: Mobile communication is a communication network that does not involve cable or wire connection between two entities.
Cellular Communication: A cellular mobile communications system uses a large number of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells-the basic geographic service area of a wireless communication system. Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber density and demand within a particular region.
Example of Mobile Radio Systems: Most people are familiar with a number of mobile radio communication systems used in everyday life. Garage door openers, Remote controllers for home entrainment equipments, Cordless telephones, Hand-held walkie-talkies and cellular telephones all are the examples of mobile radio communication systems.

3. Evolution to cellular networks – communication anytime, anywhere
radio communication was invented by Nokola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi: in 1893, Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of wireless (radio) telegraphy; Guglielmo Marconi conducted long ditance (over see) telegraphy 1897
in 1940 the first walkie-talkie was used by the US military
in 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain from AT&T’s Bell Labs invented the transistor (semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals)
AT&T introduced commercial radio comm.: car phone – two way radio link to the local phone network
in 1979 the first commercial cellular phone service was launched by the Nordic Mobile Telephone (in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark).

4. Cellular systems generations Ques: Describe in brief Cellular System Generations.
1G (first generation) – 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile telecommunications which was first introduced in 1980s and completed in early 1990s. It's Speed was upto 2.4kbps. It allows the voice calls in 1 country. 1G network use Analog Signal. AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile systems
2G (second generation) - voice-oriented systems based on digital technology; more efficient and used less spectrum than 1G; ex.: Global System for Mobile (GSM) and US Time Division Multiple Access (US-TDMA)
3G (third generation) – high-speed voice-oriented systems integrated with data services; ex.: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
4G (fourth generation) – 4G technology refer to or short
name of fourth Generation which was started from late 2000s. Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed. One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC. MAGIC: Mobile Multimedia Anytime Anywhere Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution Customized Personal Services Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere

6. Paging System: Question: Draw the block diagram of a wide area paging system.

7. Cordless telephone systems: Ques: Draw the block diagram of a cordless Telephone system.

8. What’s With the Name? Bluetooth Technology
The name ‘Bluetooth’ was named after 10th century Viking king in Denmark Harald Bluetoot who united and controlled Denmark and Norway.
The name was adopted because Bluetooth wireless
technology is expected to unify the telecommunications and computing industries
What’s With the Name?

9. Who Started Bluetooth? Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
Founded in Spring 1998
By Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba;
Now more than 2000 organizations joint the SIG

10. What Is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is an open standard for short-range digital radio to interconnect a variety of devices Cellphones, PDA, notebook computers, modems, cordless phones, pagers, laptop computers, printers, cameras by developing a single-chip, low-cost, radio-based wireless network technology (A PDA is most commonly a personal digital assistant, also known as a personal data assistant, a mobile electronic device.)

11. Bluetooth Simplifying communications between:
- devices and the internet
- data synchronization
Operates in licensed exempt ISM band at 2.4 GHz
Uses frequency hoping spread spectrum
Omni directional, no requiring line of sight
Bluetooth offers data speeds of up to 1 Mbps up to 10 meters (Short range wireless radio technology )
Unlike IrDA, Bluetooth supports a LAN-like mode where multiple devices can interact with each other.
The key limitations of Bluetooth are security and interference with wireless LANs.
Short range wireless radio technology

12. Bluetooth Topology
Bluetooth-enabled devices can automatically locate each other
Topology is established on a temporary and random basis
Up to eight Bluetooth devices may be networked together in a master-slave relationship to form a Piconet

13. Ad-hoc
Ad-hoc network
is a network connection method which is most often associated with wireless devices.
The connection is established for the duration of one session and requires no base station.
Instead, devices discover others within range to form a network for those computers.
Devices may search for target nodes that are out of range by flooding the network with broadcasts that are forwarded by each node.
Connections are possible over multiple nodes (multihop ad hoc network).
Routing protocols then provide stable connections even if nodes are moving around

14. A piconet
is an ad-hoc computer network of devices using Bluetooth technology protocols to allow one master device to interconnect with up to seven active slave devices
Up to 255 further slave devices can be inactive, or parked, which the master device can bring into active status at any time.

15. How does it work
Bluetooth is a standard for tiny, radio frequency chips that can be plugged into your devices
These chips were designed to take all of the information that your wires normally send, and transmit it at a special frequency to something called a receiver Bluetooth chip.
The information is then transmitted to your device