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2. Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank
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3. Chapter 6 Table of Contents Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Forces and Motion
Table of Contents
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Section 3 Momentum

4. Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Bellringer
Answer the following question in your science journal:
If Wile E. Coyote and a boulder fall off a cliff at the same time, which do you think will hit the ground first?

5. Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Objectives
Explain the effect of gravity and air resistance on falling objects.
Explain why objects in orbit are in free fall and appear to be weightless.
Describe how projectile motion is affected by gravity.

6. Gravity and Falling Objects
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Gravity and Falling Objects
Gravity and Acceleration Objects fall to the ground at the same rate because the acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects.
Acceleration Due to Gravity As shown on the next slide, for every second that an object falls, the object’s downward velocity increases by 9.8 m/s.

7. Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion

8. Gravity and Falling Objects, continued
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Gravity and Falling Objects, continued
Velocity of Falling Objects You can calculate the change in velocity with the following equation:
∆v  g  t
If an object starts at rest, this equation yields the velocity of the object after a certain time period.

9. Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion

10. Air Resistance and Falling Objects
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Air Resistance and Falling Objects
Air resistance is the force that opposes the motion of objects through air.
The amount of air resistance acting on an object depends on the size, shape, and speed of the object.
The image on the next slide shows the effects of air resistance on a falling object.

11. Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion

12. Air Resistance and Falling Objects, continued
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Air Resistance and Falling Objects, continued
Acceleration Stops at the Terminal Velocity As the speed of a falling object increases, air resistance increases.
The upward force of air resistance continues to increase until it is equal to the downward force of gravity. The object then falls at a constant velocity called the terminal velocity.

13. Air Resistance and Falling Objects, continued
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Air Resistance and Falling Objects, continued
Free Fall Occurs When There Is No Air Resistance An object is in free fall only if gravity is pulling it down and no other forces are acting on it.
A vacuum is a place in which there is no matter. Objects falling in a vacuum are in free fall because there is no air resistance.

14. Orbiting Objects Are in Free Fall
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Orbiting Objects Are in Free Fall
Astronauts float in orbiting spacecrafts because of free fall.
Two Motions Combine to Cause Orbiting An object is orbiting when it is traveling around another object in space. The image on the next slide describes how an orbit is formed.

15. Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion

16. Orbiting Objects Are in Free Fall, continued
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Orbiting Objects Are in Free Fall, continued
Orbiting and Centripetal Force The unbalanced force that causes objects to move in a circular path is called a centripetal force.
Gravity provides the centripetal force that keeps objects in orbit.

17. Projectile Motion and Gravity
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Projectile Motion and Gravity
Projectile motion is the curved path an object follows when it is thrown or propelled near the surface of the Earth.
Projectile motion has two components—horizontal motion and vertical motion. These components are independent, so they have no effect on each other.

18. Projectile Motion and Gravity, continued
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Projectile Motion and Gravity, continued
Horizontal Motion is a motion that is parallel to the ground.
When you throw a ball, your hand exerts a force on the ball that makes the ball move forward. This force gives the ball its horizontal motion.

19. Projectile Motion and Gravity, continued
Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion
Projectile Motion and Gravity, continued
Vertical Motion is motion that is perpendicular to the ground.
A ball in your hand is prevented from falling by your hand. After you throw the ball, gravity pulls it downward and gives the ball vertical motion.

20. Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion

21. Projectile Motion and Gravity
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Projectile Motion and Gravity
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

22. Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Bellringer
If you are sitting still in your seat on a bus that is traveling 100 km/h on a highway, is your body at rest or in motion? Explain your answer. Use a diagram if it will help make your answer clear.
Record your response in your science journal.

23. Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Objectives
Describe Newton’s first law of motion, and explain how it relates to objects at rest and objects in motion.
State Newton’s second law of motion, and explain the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
State Newton’s third law of motion, and give examples of force pairs.

24. Newton’s First Law of Motion
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
Newton’s first law of motion describes the motion of an object that has a net force of 0 N acting on it.

25. Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
Part 1: Objects at Rest Objects at rest will stay at rest unless they are acted on by an unbalanced force.
Part 2: Objects in Motion Objects will continue to move with the same velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on them.
The image on the next slide shows how you can have fun with Newton’s first law.

26. Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued

27. Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
Friction and Newton’s First Law Friction between an object and the surface it is moving over is an example of an unbalanced force that stops motion.
Inertia and Newton’s First Law Newton’s first law is sometimes called the law of inertia. Inertia is the tendency of all objects to resist any change in motion.

28. Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion, continued
Mass and Inertia Mass is a measure of inertia. An object that has a small mass has less inertia than an object that has a large mass.
So, changing the motion of an object that has a small mass is easier than changing the motion of an object that has a large mass.

29. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
Newton’s second law describes the motion of an object when an unbalanced force acts on the object.

30. Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
Part 1: Acceleration Depends on Mass The acceleration of an object decreases as its mass increases. Its acceleration increases as its mass decreases.
Part 2: Acceleration Depends on Force An object’s acceleration increases as the force on the object increases. The acceleration of an object is always in the same direction as the force applied.

31. Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

32. Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
Expressing Newton’s Second Law Mathematically The relationship of acceleration (a) to mass (m) and force (F) can be expressed mathematically with the following equation: m a = F , or 

33. Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

34. Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

35. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
Newton’s third law of motion can be simply stated as follows: All forces act in pairs.

36. Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
Force Pairs Do Not Act on the Same Object A force is always exerted by one object on another object. This rule is true for all forces, including action and reaction forces.
Action and reaction forces in a pair do not act on the same object. If they did, the net force would always be 0 N and nothing would ever move!

37. Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
All Forces Act in Pairs—Action and Reaction Newton’s third law says that all forces act in pairs. When a force is exerted, there is always a reaction force.

38. Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion, continued
The Effect of a Reaction Can Be Difficult to See When an object falls, gravity pulls the object toward Earth and pulls Earth toward the object.
You don’t notice Earth being pulled upward because the mass of Earth is much larger than the mass of the object. Thus, the acceleration of Earth is much smaller than the acceleration of the object.

39. Chapter 6
Section 3 Momentum
Bellringer
Make a list of five things that have momentum and a list of five things that don’t have momentum.
Explain your answer in your science journal.

40. Chapter 6 Objectives Calculate the momentum of moving objects.
Section 3 Momentum
Objectives
Calculate the momentum of moving objects.
Explain the law of conservation of momentum.

41. Momentum, Mass, and Velocity
Chapter 6
Section 3 Momentum
Momentum, Mass, and Velocity
The momentum of an object depends on the object’s mass and velocity.
Calculating Momentum The relationship of momentum (p), mass (m), and velocity (v) is shown in the equation below:
p  m x v

42. Chapter 6
Section 3 Momentum

43. The Law of Conservation of Momentum
Chapter 6
Section 3 Momentum
The Law of Conservation of Momentum
The law of conservation of momentum states that any time objects collide, the total amount of momentum stays the same.
Objects Sticking Together After two objects stick together, they move as one object. The mass of the combined objects is equal to the masses of the two objects added together.

44. The Law of Conservation of Momentum, continued
Chapter 6
Section 3 Momentum
The Law of Conservation of Momentum, continued
The combined objects have a different velocity because momentum is conserved and depends on mass and velocity.
So, when the mass changes, the velocity must change, too.

45. The Law of Conservation of Momentum, continued
Chapter 6
Section 3 Momentum
The Law of Conservation of Momentum, continued
Objects Bouncing Off Each Other When two objects bounce off each other, momentum is usually transferred from one object to the other.
The transfer of momentum causes the objects to move in different directions at different speeds.

46. The Law of Conservation of Momentum, continued
Chapter 6
Section 3 Momentum
The Law of Conservation of Momentum, continued
Conservation of Momentum and Newton’s Third Law Conservation of momentum can be explained by Newton’s third law.
Because action and reaction forces are equal and opposite, momentum is neither gained or lost in a collision.

47. Chapter 6
Forces and Motion
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
force
free fall
terminal velocity
projectile motion
air resistance
gravity

48. Chapter 6
Forces and Motion

49. Chapter 6
Forces and Motion

50. End of Chapter 6 Show

51. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

52. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 How do astronauts prepare for trips in the space shuttle? One method is to use simulations on Earth that mimic the conditions in space. For example, underwater training lets astronauts experience reduced gravity. They can also ride on NASA’s modified KC-135 airplane. NASA’s KC-135 simulates how it feels to be in a space shuttle.
Continued on the next slide

53. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1, continued How does this airplane work? It flies upward at a steep angle and then flies downward at a 45° angle. When the airplane flies downward, the effect of reduced gravity is produced. As the plane falls, the astronauts inside the plane can float like astronauts in the space shuttle do!

54. Chapter 6 1. What is the purpose of this passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain how astronauts prepare for missions in space
B to convince people to become astronauts
C to show that space is similar to Earth
D to describe what it feels like to float in space

55. Chapter 6 1. What is the purpose of this passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain how astronauts prepare for missions in space
B to convince people to become astronauts
C to show that space is similar to Earth
D to describe what it feels like to float in space

56. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What can you conclude about NASA’s KC-135 from the passage?
F NASA’s KC-135 is just like other airplanes.
G All astronauts train in NASA’s KC-135.
H NASA’s KC-135 simulates the space shuttle by reducing the effects of gravity.
I Being in NASA’s KC-135 is not very much like being in the space shuttle.

57. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What can you conclude about NASA’s KC-135 from the passage?
F NASA’s KC-135 is just like other airplanes.
G All astronauts train in NASA’s KC-135.
H NASA’s KC-135 simulates the space shuttle by reducing the effects of gravity.
I Being in NASA’s KC-135 is not very much like being in the space shuttle.

58. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact?
A Astronauts always have to train underwater.
B Flying in airplanes is similar to riding in the space shuttle.
C People in NASA’s KC-135 float at all times.
D Astronauts use simulations to learn what reduced gravity is like.

59. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact?
A Astronauts always have to train underwater.
B Flying in airplanes is similar to riding in the space shuttle.
C People in NASA’s KC-135 float at all times.
D Astronauts use simulations to learn what reduced gravity is like.

60. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 There once was a game that could be played by as few as 5 or as many as 1,000 players. The game could be played on a small field for a few hours or on a huge tract of land for several days. The game was not just for fun—in fact, it was often used as a substitute for war. One of the few rules was that the players couldn’t touch the ball with their hands—they had to use a special stick with webbing on one end.
Continued on the next slide

61. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2, continued Would you believe that this game is the same as the game of lacrosse that is played today? Lacrosse is a game that was originally played by Native Americans. They called the game baggataway, which means “little brother of war.” Although lacrosse has changed and is now played all over the world, it still requires special, webbed sticks.

62. Chapter 6 1. What is the purpose of this passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain the importance of rules in lacrosse
B to explain why sticks are used in lacrosse
C to describe the history of lacrosse
D to describe the rules of lacrosse

63. Chapter 6 1. What is the purpose of this passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain the importance of rules in lacrosse
B to explain why sticks are used in lacrosse
C to describe the history of lacrosse
D to describe the rules of lacrosse

64. Chapter 6 2. Based on the passage, what does the word substitute mean?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what does the word substitute mean?
F something that occurs before war
G something that is needed to play lacrosse
H something that is of Native American origin
I something that takes the place of something else

65. Chapter 6 2. Based on the passage, what does the word substitute mean?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what does the word substitute mean?
F something that occurs before war
G something that is needed to play lacrosse
H something that is of Native American origin
I something that takes the place of something else

66. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

67. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following images shows an object with no momentum that is about to be set in motion by an unbalanced force?
A C
B D

68. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following images shows an object with no momentum that is about to be set in motion by an unbalanced force?
A C
B D

69. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. During a laboratory experiment, liquid was collected in a graduated cylinder. What is the volume of the liquid?
F 30 mL
G 35 mL
H 40 mL
I 45 mL

70. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. During a laboratory experiment, liquid was collected in a graduated cylinder. What is the volume of the liquid?
F 30 mL
G 35 mL
H 40 mL
I 45 mL

71. Chapter 6 Math Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

72. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
1. The table below shows the accelerations produced by different forces for a 5 kg mass. Assuming that the pattern continues, use this data to predict what acceleration would be produced by a 100 N force.
A 10 m/s2
B 20 m/s2
C 30 m/s2
D 100 m/s2
Force
Acceleration
25 N
5 m/s2
50 N
10 m/s2
75 N
15 m/s2

73. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
1. The table below shows the accelerations produced by different forces for a 5 kg mass. Assuming that the pattern continues, use this data to predict what acceleration would be produced by a 100 N force.
A 10 m/s2
B 20 m/s2
C 30 m/s2
D 100 m/s2
Force
Acceleration
25 N
5 m/s2
50 N
10 m/s2
75 N
15 m/s2

74. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. The average radius of the moon is 1.74  106 m. What is another way to express the radius of the moon?
F m
G m
H 174,000 m
I 1,740,000 m

75. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
2. The average radius of the moon is 1.74  106 m. What is another way to express the radius of the moon?
F m
G m
H 174,000 m
I 1,740,000 m

76. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
3. The half price bookstore is selling 4 paperback books for a total of $5.75. What would the price of 20 paperback books be?
A $23.00
B $24.75
C $28.75
D $51.75

77. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
3. The half price bookstore is selling 4 paperback books for a total of $5.75. What would the price of 20 paperback books be?
A $23.00
B $24.75
C $28.75
D $51.75

78. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
4. A 75 kg speed skater is moving with a velocity of 16 m/s east. What is the speed skater’s momentum? (Momentum is calculated with the equation: momentum  mass  velocity.)
F 91 kg•m/s
G 91 kg•m/s east
H 1,200 kg•m/s east
I 1,200 kg•m/s2 east

79. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation
4. A 75 kg speed skater is moving with a velocity of 16 m/s east. What is the speed skater’s momentum? (Momentum is calculated with the equation: momentum  mass  velocity.)
F 91 kg•m/s
G 91 kg•m/s east
H 1,200 kg•m/s east
I 1,200 kg•m/s2 east

80. Chapter 6
Section 1 Gravity and Motion

81. Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

82. Chapter 6
Section 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

83. Chapter 6
Section 3 Momentum

84. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation

85. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation

86. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation

87. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation

88. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation

89. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation

90. Chapter 6
Standardized Test Preparation