1. The (not so) Roaring Twenties:

2. A. calamity, affluence and poverty
1918 Influenza
1919 Indian Citizenship Act
Many Indians did not receive their after war bonuses especially New York

3. B. Indian System Where were Indians?
What were needs-desires of Rez Indians?
What were needs-desires of Urban Indians?
What obligations did Fed have to Rez?
What obligations did States have to Rez?
What was the status quo in each? ie conditions

4. B. Indian System 1922: Bursum bill in NM
Nov. 3, st All Pueblo Council “An Appeal for Fair Play”
1923: Pueblo testimony in Congress effectively defeats the Bursum Bill

5. C. Indian affluence Mildred Bailey (Coeur d’Alene, WA)
Mrs. Swing on CBS radio
Menominees in Wisconsin restricted timber leasing, started self-sustaining timber-sawmill comp.
Wallace Altaha (Apache) began livestock venture 1890s by 1910s-1920s $25,000 War Bonds
Osages in OK on rich oil fields
1900s in 3 years 50,000 to 5 million barrels,
after allotment kept sub-surface rights
1925 headrights up to $13,000 per person
Jackson Barnett (Creek)
Oil Profiteer, tabloid regular

6. D. Indian poverty Allotment
1900: 6.7 million acres
1910: 31 million acres
1920: 36 million acres
Land-resource base weakened self-sustaining Indian communities leading to much higher poverty
1924: Zitkala Ša publishes Oklahoma’s Poor Rich Indians

7. E. Rising Activism
1919 Soc. of American Indians petitioned Paris Peace Conf.
Dec Arapaho (Wy) in Paris
1927 Christine Quintasket (Morning Dove) (Salish) Cogawea
1928 Luther Standing Bear (Sioux) My People
1923: American Indian Defense Association (AIDA) created

8. F. Fed responses
1923: Sec. Interior Hubert Work appoints Arthur Parker (Seneca) to chair Comm. of One Hundred
Virginia Racial Integrity Act of 1924
1924 Indian Citizenship Act
1926: 91 agency hospitals but …
1928: Meriam Report
1929 Hoover appointed Charles Rhoads to Comm. Of Indian Affairs