1. Chapter 10

2. Module 10A Ethics
Module 10B Security
Module 10C Current Issues & Controversies
Module 10D Emerging Technologies
Chapter 10

3. Ethics Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems Introducing Ethics
Computer Ethics for Computer Users
Computer Ethics for Computer Professionals
Module A

4. Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Ethics
Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Plagiarism
copyright infringement
Software Piracy
public domain software
General Public License (GPL)
shareware
software license
archival backups
site license
Module A

5. Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Ethics
Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Module A
At some colleges, plagiarism can get you thrown out of school on the first offense
Several sites make hundreds of thousands of public domain and shareware programs available for downloading via the Internet, including shareware.com and Filez.

6. Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Ethics
Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
The following actions are illegal
incorporating all or part of a GPL-licensed program in a program that you sell
violating the terms of a software license
making copies of site-licensed programs for your personal use at home
giving or selling copies of commercial programs to others
Module A

7. Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Ethics
Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Module A
use
Your is not private! Many people have lost their jobs after making fun of their boss in what they thought was a private message

8. Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Ethics
Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems
Module
Adult sites & erotica newsgroups
hostile environment
Obscenity
Unauthorized computer access
hacker A

9. Ethics
Introducing Ethics
Module A
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that’s concerned with determining what’s right and wrong, especially in the context of moral dilemmas

10. Introducing Ethics Moral dilemmas arise in two situations
when it’s not clear which, if any, moral rule applies
when 2 or more rules apply, and they conflict
An act is ethical if . . .
were everyone to act the same way, society as a whole would benefit
it treats people as an end in themselves, rather than as a means to an end
impartial observers would judge that it is fair to all parties concerned
Module A

11. Thinking Through Moral Dilemmas
Ethics
Thinking Through Moral Dilemmas
A practical guide:
You’d be proud to tell your mom or dad
If you were in the other person’s shoes, you’d admit that your action was fair
If you did it at work, your company’s customers would agree that you did the right thing . . .
You wouldn’t mind reading about your action on the front page of your newspaper
Module A

12. Ethics for Computer Users
Computer ethics for computer users
respecting yourself
respecting others
respecting academic integrity
Module A

13. Ethics for Computer Professionals
Excerpt from the Code of Ethics of the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals
Module
Essential elements relating to conduct that identify a professional activity:
high standard of skill & knowledge
confidential relationship with people served
public reliance upon the standards of conduct in established practice
observance of an ethical code A

14. Ethics for Computer Professionals
Safety first
Additional ethical responsibilities
competence
responsibility
integrity
Module A
Dozens of professional associations govern computing professionals. For links to their codes of ethics, see the Illinois Institute of Technology’s Codes of Ethics Online: Computing & Information Systems page

15. Ethics for Computer Professionals
Programmer liability
Computer ethics in business
Whistle-blowing
Module A
For more information on the controversies surrounding whistle-blowing, see the Whistle-blowing links page put together by students at North Carolina State University

16. Security Scope of the Problem Computer Intruders’ Tools and Techniques
Meet the Attackers
What’s at Stake?
Safeguarding Computer Systems
Module B

17. Security
Security
The scenario . . .
Module B
On Christmas Day, 1995, Tsutomu Shimomura, a computational physicist, was about to leave for a skiing trip. But he made a most unwelcome discovery. By means of the Internet, an intruder broke into the computers he keeps at his beach cottage near San Diego. Stolen were hundreds of pages of information concerning Shimomura’s research on cellular phone security . . .

18. Security
Scope of the Problem
Most unauthorized intrusions go undetected and the attackers are never caught
Module B
Kevin D. Mitnick was charged with violating several Federal laws including computer fraud and causing damage to computer systems

19. Computer Intruders’ Tools & Techniques
Security
Computer Intruders’ Tools & Techniques
Tricks for obtaining passwords:
password guessing
shoulder surfing
packet sniffers
dumpster diving
social engineering
superuser status
Module B

20. Computer Intruders’ Tools & Techniques
Security
Computer Intruders’ Tools & Techniques
Salami shaving & data diddling
Forgery
Security loophole detection programs
Computer viruses
file infectors
boot sector virus
macro virus
time bombs
worm
trojan horse
Module B

21. Meet the Attackers Computer hobbyists Disgruntled employees Spies
Security
Meet the Attackers
Computer hobbyists
hackers
crackers
computer virus authors
Disgruntled employees
logic bomb
Spies
corporate espionage
Module B

22. Meet the Attackers Enemies & terrorists information warfare
Security
Meet the Attackers
Enemies & terrorists
information warfare
network warfare
structural sabotage
information terrorism
Module B
Find the latest news about virus hoaxes at Rob Rosenberger’s Computer Virus Myths Home Page
For more information on information warfare, including news reports, links, and analysis, see infowar.com

23. What’s at Stake Consumption of staff time Downtime Fraud and theft B
Security
What’s at Stake
Consumption of staff time
Downtime
Fraud and theft
Module B
For security measures, users should lock their doors and turn off their computers. In some cases, it may be wise to secure hardware to desks to prevent theft

24. What’s at Stake Adverse publicity Vandalism Character assassination
Security
What’s at Stake
Adverse publicity
Vandalism
Character assassination
Loss of privacy
Risks to public safety
Denial of service
Module B

25. Safeguarding Computer Systems
Security
Safeguarding Computer Systems
Protecting computers from power-relate problems
power surges & power outages
autosave
uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Module B
A UPS is battery powered device that provides power to your computer for a limited time in a power outage

26. Safeguarding Computer Systems
Security
Safeguarding Computer Systems
Controlling access
callback systems
tokens
digital certificates
smartcards
biometric authentication
Module B
Smartcards are credit-card-sized devices wit their own internal memories

27. Safeguarding Computer Systems
Security
Safeguarding Computer Systems
Firewalls
Encryption
Antivirus programs or vaccines
Data backups
full backups
incremental backups
disaster recovery plan
Module B

28. Current Issues and Controversies
Module
The Encryption Debate
Obscenity and Indecency
Privacy C

29. Current Issues & Controversies
The scenario . . .
Module C
Identity theft is one of the fastest-growing crimes in the U.S. and Canada. Criminals obtain enough information about you to open a credit account in your name, and then max it out -- leaving you with the bill.

30. The Encryption Debate Encryption (coded message) basics
Current issues & controversies
The Encryption Debate
Encryption (coded message) basics
rot-13
Problem of key interception
Public-key encryption
public-key
Module C
For more information concerning public-key encryption, visit the RSA Laboratories’ Frequently-Asked Questions on Cryptography page

31. The Encryption Debate Security issues of strong encryption
Current issues & controversies
The Encryption Debate
Security issues of strong encryption
key escrow
key recovery
Export restrictions
bit length
Global dimension
Module C
To get the latest news and perspectives about cryptography issues, visit the Center for Democracy and Technology’s Crypto Debate page

32. Obscenity & Indecency Obscenity Indecency
Current issues & controversies
Obscenity & Indecency
Obscenity
Indecency
Communications Decency ACT (CDA)
Filtering software
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS)
The Global Dimension
Module C

33. Current issues & controversies
Obscenity & Indecency
Net Nanny is one example of filtering software that enables parents to screen out Web sites that contain indecent or obscene material
Module C

34. Current issues & controversies
Privacy
Module C
Defined by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis in 1928 as “the right to be left alone,” privacy refers to an individual’s ability to keep their personal and family business away from prying eyes

35. Privacy Privacy rights in the U.S. Databases of personal information
Current issues & controversies
Privacy
Privacy rights in the U.S.
Databases of personal information
How is information collected?
Is self-regulation sufficient?
Proposed solutions
Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3)
The Global Dimension
Module C

36. Protecting Your Privacy Online
Current issues & controversies
Protecting Your Privacy Online
To safeguard your privacy . . .
Don’t use your employer’s computers for personal
Tell children not to divulge personal information to strangers online
Don’t fill out site registration forms unless you see a privacy policy statement
Module C
Web sites can collect information without your knowledge and consent. To see an example, visit the Center for Democracy and Technology’s CDT Privacy Demonstration Page

37. Emerging Technologies
Module
Tomorrows Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Connected
Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine?
Social Impact of AI: Sharing the World with Machines Who Think D

38. Emerging Technologies
The prediction . . .
Module D
What will computers be like in the future? It’s very easy to predict the future -- the hard part is getting it right, and that’s particularly true where technology is concerned. Past predictions don’t offer much comfort . . .

39. Tomorrow’s Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Connected
Emerging technologies
Tomorrow’s Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Connected
Module D
Moore’s Law
Metcalfe’s Law
As computers become faster, cheaper, and more valuable, they’ll encourage the trend towards the digitization of all the world’s information and knowledge

40. The Short Term Typical personal computer: Today & 2005 D
Emerging technologies
The Short Term
Typical personal computer: Today & 2005
Module D

41. Tomorrow’s Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Connected
Emerging technologies
Tomorrow’s Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Connected
Module D
The long term
ubiquitous (everywhere) computing
Limits of trend extrapolation

42. Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine
Emerging technologies
Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine
Defining intelligence
learn and retain the learned knowledge
reason on the basis of the knowledge
plan (develop strategies)
communicate
recognize patterns
Module D
For information on artificial intelligence, an excellent starting point is AI on the Web.

43. Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine
Emerging technologies
Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine
AI is the field that attempts to endow computers with intelligence. Although scientists know little about the human brain, it's clear that the brain is far more complex than any computer
Module D

44. The Human Brain As a CPU Speculative estimates D Emerging technologies
Module D

45. Emerging technologies
The Turing Test
British computer scientist Alan Turing. According to most psychologists, the Turing Test's type-and-response method is too simplistic.
Module D

46. Artificial Intelligence
Emerging technologies
Artificial Intelligence
Brute force
AI achievements
On May 11, 1997, Big Blue defeated Russian chess master Garry Kasparov
Module D

47. Artificial Intelligence
Emerging technologies
Artificial Intelligence
Module D
Natural language
speech recognition
Major advances have been made in speech recognition, in which computers translate spoken speech into text

48. Artificial Intelligence
Emerging technologies
Artificial Intelligence
Machine translation
Expert systems
knowledge representation
knowledge base
Intelligent agents
Pattern recognition
Fuzzy logic
Module D
Try machine translation yourself by visiting Babelfish, an online Web translator created by AltaVista

49. Robots
Emerging technologies
Increasingly, robots are performing tasks such as assembly, welding, material-handling, and material transport
Module D
Like to build your own robot? Visit Mondo-Tronics Robot Store where you’ll find nearly 300 robot kits and accessories

50. Artificial Intelligence
Emerging technologies
Artificial Intelligence
Strong AI
CYC
Cog
neural networks
genetic algorithms
Module D
The brain contains billions neurons. In a neural net, thousands of computer processing units are connected in multiple ways, just as the neurons in the brain are connected

51. Social Impact of AI: Sharing the World with Machines Who Think
Emerging technologies
Social Impact of AI: Sharing the World with Machines Who Think
Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics
First: A robot may not injure a human being . . .
Second: A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where it may conflict with the First Law
Third: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law
Module D