1. Chapter 3
Cells

2. Learning Targets
I can list the parts of a cell and describe the function of each.
I can describe the characteristics of a cell.
I can describe tumor and define cancer.
I can list four types of tissue in the human body, describe the function of each, and give an example of each.
I can define an organ and organ system.
I can relate organs to their systems.

3. Cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things (trillion of cells in body).
Cell or plasma membrane
The outer protective covering of the cell and allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell while preventing the passage of other substances
Nucleus
“Brain” of the cell, and controls many cell activities.

4. Nucleus The “BRAIN” of the cell
Most important organelle within the cell
Function
Control the activities of the cell and facilitate cell division
DNA and chromatin
Chromosomes

5. Functions of Organelles
Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell
Nucleoplasm
A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli
Nucleolus
Reservoir for RNA
Ribosomes
Serve as site for protein synthesis

6. Functions of Organelles
Cytoplasm
Provides an organized watery environment where life functions take place via the activities of the organelles, which reside there
Centrosome
Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division
Endoplasmic reticulum
Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm

7. Functions of Organelles
Mitochondria
Serve as sites of cellular respiration and energy production
Store ATP
Golgi apparatus
Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
Lysosomes
Serve as center for cellular digestion

8. Functions of Organelles
Perioxisomes
Enzymes that oxidize cell substances
Cytoskeleton
Forms internal framework
Pinocytic vesicles
Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell
Cilia and flagella
Create movement

11. Cellular Metabolism Chemical reactions occur within the cells
Energy supplied by ATP
ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats that we eat

12. Aging Aging is a phase of normal development
Older person may have 30% fewer cells
Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks
Physiologic changes are universal and progressive
Aging is not a disease

13. Metaplasia- abn change in nature of a tissue Dysplasia Neoplasia
Disorders of Cell Structure Look up definitions & write them on OUTLINE 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia- abn change in nature of a tissue
Dysplasia
Neoplasia

14. Tumor When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern
Also called neoplasms
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors

15. Chapter 4
Tissues and Membranes

16. Tissues Tissues are groups of cells Epithelial tissue
Tissues are cells of the SAME type joined together for a common purpose that include: Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous, and Connective.
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

17. Epithelial Tissue - Covering and Lining
Tissue that covers the surface of body and lining of intestinal, respiratory, urinary tract and forms thin sheets, not very strong. Also functions as protection, for example skin.
Squamous epithelial cells
Cuboidal epithelial cells
Columnar epithelial cells

18. Epithelial Tissue - Glandular and Secretory
Endocrine gland cells
Exocrine gland cells

19. Connective Tissue - Adipose
Stores lipid
Acts as filler tissue
Cushions, supports, and insulates the body

20. Connective Tissue - Areolar (Loose)
Elastin tissue
Collagen

21. Connective Tissue - Dense Fibrous
Ligaments
Tendons
Aponeuroses
Fasciae

22. Connective Tissue - Supportive
Osseous (bone) tissue
Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

23. Connective Tissue - Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue)
Lymph

24. Muscle Tissue Cardiac Skeletal (striated voluntary)
Smooth (nonstriated involuntary)

25. Nervous Tissue
Irritability
Conductivity

26. Time to Make a Tissue Chart

27. Effects of Aging on Tissue
Cells become larger and less able to divide and reproduce
Increase in pigments and lipids inside cells
Waste products accumulate in the tissue
Cell membranes change and carbon dioxide and wastes have difficulty getting out

28. Effects of Aging on Tissue
Lipofusion collects
Connective tissue becomes progressively stiff
Increased difficulty receiving oxygen and nutrients
Many tissues lose mass and atrophy

29. Membranes Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane
Epithelial membranes
Connective membranes

30. 1. Epithelial Membranes Mucous membranes
Respiratory mucosa
Gastric mucosa
Intestinal mucosa
Serous membranes (parietal and visceral)
Pleural membrane
Pericardial membrane
Peritoneal membrane
Cutaneous membranes

31. Epithelial Membranes
© 2014 Cengage Learning.

32. 2. Connective Membranes Synovial membrane Lines joint cavities
Two layers of connective tissue
Lines joint cavities
Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents friction inside the joint cavity

33. Hierarchy of Structural Organization
The hierarchy of structural organization is a framework for understanding anatomy and physiology. The structure and function of the body may be examined at several levels of resolution: the biochemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism levels.

34. AtomOrganism

36. Life Functions
Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc.
All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions.
These functions allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.

37. Human Development
Atom
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism

39. Body Processes Metabolism
Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions
Anabolism
Building up
Catabolism
Breaking down

40. Homeostasis
Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits
Essential to survival
Works on a negative feedback system

41. Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Draw & Label Atom Organism

42. Organs
An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function
Organs coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism
Organ system
Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function

43. Organ Systems
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Respiratory
Cardiovascular

44. Organ Systems Urinary Nervous Endocrine Reproductive Integumentary
Lymphatic

45. Tissue and Organ Transplant
Blood transfusions are an example of a tissue transplant
All transplants (tissue and organs) must be cross-matched so recipient’s immune system will not attack the donated organ
Rejection is main problem in organ transplants

46. Disease and Injury to Tissue
Infection
Inflammation
Trauma
Abnormal growth of cells
Birth defects