1. Chemeketa Community College
Chapter 8:
Acids& Bases
Larry Emme
Chemeketa Community College

2. Chapter Outline Acids & Bases Ionization of Water pH
Acid-Base Reactions

3. Remember Electrolytes
Covalent
Ionic
C6H12O6
NaCl
C6H12O6
Cl-
Na+
Na+
C6H12O6
Cl-

4. Acids Weak Strong Lots of Ions Only a few Ions HCl HC2H3O2 C2H3O2- Cl-

5. Acid = gives hydrogen ions in water
Acids
Acid = gives hydrogen ions in water
HCl
H+ + Cl-
H-Cl
Cl- H+ H+
Cl-
hydrogen ion = proton

6. Acid = gives hydrogen ions in water
Acids
Acid = gives hydrogen ions in water
H-Cl H-O-H
H-Cl
Cl-
+ Cl-
hydronium ion

7. Common Acids H2SO4 HCl H3PO4 H2CO3 HC2H3O2 H3C6O7H8 HC6O6H7 H2C4O6H4
Battery Acid
Stomach Acid
Coca Cola
Carbonated Water
Vinegar
Citrus fruits
Vitamin C
Grapes
Aspirin
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Carbonic Acid
Acetic Acid
Citric Acid
Ascorbic Acid
Tartaric Acid
Acetyl Salicylic Acid

8. Naming Acids Binary Acids: Hydrogen & non metal. ex. HCl HBr H2S
hydro- ______________-ic Acid
HCl(aq) Hydrochloric acid
H2S(aq) Hydrosulfuric acid
NO Oxygen!

9. Naming Oxygen containing acids
Oxyacids:
Hydrogen, oxygen, and a nonmetal
ex. HNO HNO H2SO4
The higher number of O’s
______________-ic Acid
HNO3 = Nitric Acid
The lower number of O’s
______________ -ous ending.
HNO2 = Nitrous Acid

10. Naming the Acid Based on the Name of the Polyatomic Ion
Ending of Polyatomic Ion
Ending of Acid
ite
ous
less oxygen
There mite be hope for us
ate ic
more oxygen
I ate something icky

11. THE COMMON -IC ACIDS H2SO4 SULFURIC ACID HNO3 NITRIC ACID
H2CO3 CARBONIC ACID
H3PO4 PHOSPHORIC ACID
HClO3 CHLORIC ACID

12. Common Acids Strong Weak H2SO4 Battery Acid HCl Stomach Acid
H3PO4
H2CO3
HC2H3O2
H3C6O7H8
HC6O6H7
H2C4O6H4
H2C9O4H8
Battery Acid
Stomach Acid
Coca Cola
Carbonated Water
Vinegar
Citrus fruits
Vitamin C
Grapes
Aspirin
Strong
100% ionization
Strong electrolyte
Weak
Partial ionization
Weak electrolyte
Taste sour

13. Acids H-Cl + H-O-H + Cl- H-C2H3O2 + H-O-H + C2H3O2- H-Cl HC2H3O2 Cl-

14. Bases Base = gives hydroxide ions in water.
(Arrhenius definition)
= takes hydrogen ions in water.
(Brönsted definition)
NaOH
Na+ + OH-
NaOH
Arrhenius
Na+
OH-
OH-
Na+
Brönsted

15. Common Bases Lye, Drano Potash Slaked Lime Cleaners Baking soda
Milk of Magnesia
Baking soda
Washing soda
Tums /Rolaids
Limestone,shells
Soaps
Detergents
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
NH3 or NH4OH
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
Na2CO3
CaCO3
NaC16O2H31
NaC12O4H25S
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Calcium Hydroxide
Ammonia
Magnesium Hydroxide
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Carbonate
Calcium Carbonate
Sodium Palmitate
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

16. Common Bases Strong Weak Lye, Drano Potash Slaked lime Cleaners
Milk of Magnesia
Baking soda
Washing soda
Tums /Rolaids
Limestone,shells
Soaps
Detergents
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
NH3
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
Na2CO3
CaCO3
NaC16O2H31
NaC12O4H25S
Strong
100% ionization
Strong electrolyte
Weak
Partial ionization
Weak electrolyte
Taste bitter
Feel Slippery

17. Ashes and water make a slippery alkaline solution once used to clean hands.

18. The Six Strong Acids HCl(aq) H2SO4(aq) HBr(aq) HNO3(aq) HI(aq)
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
HBr(aq)
HNO3(aq)
Nitric acid
Hydrobromic acid
HI(aq)
HClO4(aq)
Hydroiodic acid
Perchloric acid

19. Ba(OH)2(aq) LiOH(aq) Sr(OH)2(aq) NaOH(aq) KOH(aq) Ca(OH)2(aq)
The Strong Bases
Group 1A
Metal Hydroxides:
Ba(OH)2(aq)
LiOH(aq)
Sr(OH)2(aq)
NaOH(aq)
KOH(aq)
Ca(OH)2(aq)

20. Water is Amphoteric HNO3 NH3 HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3- Acid Base Acid
donates
a proton
Base
takes
a proton
Acid
Base
NH3
NH3 + H2O NH OH-
Base
takes
a proton
Acid
donates
a proton
Acid
donates
a proton
Base
takes
a proton

21. Ionization of Water
H2O H2O OH– H3O+
BASE
base
acid
ACID

22. Ion product constant of Water
H2O H2O OH– H3O+
BASE
base
acid
ACID
0.000,000,1M
= 1 x 10-7M
0.000,000,1M
= 1 x 10-7M
Note: [ ]  moles/liter
Neutral: if [H3O+] = [OH–]
Acidic: if [H3O+] > [OH–]
Basic: if [H3O+] < [OH–]

23. Ion product constant of Water
H2O H2O OH– H3O+
BASE
base
acid
ACID
0.000,000,1M
= 1 x 10-7M
0.000,000,1M
= 1 x 10-7M
[H3O+] [OH–] = (1 x 10-7)(1 x 10-7) =1 x 10-14
Kw = [H3O+] [OH–] = 1 x 10-14
(1 x 10-7)(1 x 10-7) =1 x 10-14
(1 x 10-8)(1 x 10-6) =1 x 10-14
(1 x 10-9)(1 x 10-5) =1 x 10-14

24. pH HCl HC2H3O2 H2O NaOH -2 Acidic 4 7 Neutral NH3 9 Basic 12 [H+]
= 1 x 10–pH
pH = – log [H+]
HCl
HC2H3O2
H2O
NaOH
0.000,000,1 M
= 1 x 10–7 M
100 M
= 1 x 102 M -2
Acidic
0.000,1 M
= 1 x 10–4 M 4 7
Neutral
0.000,000,001 M
= 1 x 10–9 M
NH3 9
Basic
0.000,000,000,001 M
= 1 x 10–12 M 12

25. pH HCl HC2H3O2 H2O NaOH -2 Acidic Citric Acid 4 7 Neutral NH3 9 Basic
= 1 x 10 -pH
pH = - log [H+]
HCl
HC2H3O2
H2O
NaOH
100 M
= 1 x 10 2 M
0.000,000,1 M
= 1 x M -2
Acidic
0.000,76 M
= 7.6 x M
Citric Acid
0.000,1 M
= 1 x M 4 7
Neutral
0.000,000,001 M
= 1 x M
NH3 9
Basic
0.000,000,000,001 M
= 1 x M 12

26. pH of some common materials
Substance pH
1 M HCl
Lemon juice 2.3
Coffee
Pure Water 7.0
Blood
Milk of Magnesia
1M NaOH

27. pH Indicators Pigments: pH meter: pH paper: Litmus paper:
Anthocyanins:
red cabbage, cranberries, roses…
Phenolphthalein:
Turmeric:

28. Indicator examples
Acid-base indicators undergo a color change at a known pH.
phenolphthalein
methyl red
bromthymol blue

30. Red Cabbage Indicator

31. Acid – Base Lab

32. Acid Reactions
HCl + Zn 
ZnCl2 + H2
Acid
Metal
Salt H+
Cl– Zn

33. Acid-Base Reactions HCl + NaOH  NaCl + HOH Neutralization: Water Acid
Salt
Neutralization:
Strong Acid +
Strong Base H+
Cl–
Na+
OH–

34. Acid-Base Reactions 2 2 H2SO4 + KOH  K2SO4 + HOH Water Acid Base Salt

35. Acid-Base Reactions HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3 Acid Base NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3 Salt
Vinegar & Baking Soda
HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3
Acid
Base
NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3
Salt
C2H3O2- H+
H2O + CO2(g)
Na+
HCO3-

36. Acid-Base Reactions Cream of Tartar & Baking Soda Acid Rain on Marble
H2C4H6O6 + NaHCO3
Na2C4H6O6 + H2CO3
Acid
Base
Salt
H2O + CO2(g)
Acid Rain on Marble
H2SO CaCO3
CaSO H2CO3
Acid
Base
Salt
H2O + CO2(g)

37. Cleopatra's Needle in New York City Central Park (originally erected in the Egyptian city of Heliopolis on the orders of Thutmose III, around 1450 B.C.). Erected in New York in 1881.

38. Exterior of old church in Germany
Effects of Acid Rain
Exterior of old church in Germany
1908
1969

39. Acid-Base Reactions Lemon on Fish H3C6H8O7 + R-NH2 C6H8O71- + R-NH31+
Salt

40. Buffers HC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2 Weak acid + Weak base Reists change in pH
NaOH
HCl
NaC2H3O2 + H2O
NaCl + HC2H3O2

41. The End

42. End of Chapter Learning Checks Try these after you have reviewed the chapter

43. Learning Check Which molecule forms hydrogen bonds? H2O H2S H2Se H2Te
all of the above

44. Learning Check Answers
Which molecule forms hydrogen bonds?
H2O
H2S
H2Se
H2Te
all of the above

45. Learning Check
Which type of solution would have a sour taste and turn blue litmus red?
Acid
Base
Salt

46. Learning Check Answers
Which type of solution would have a sour taste and turn blue litmus red?
Acid
Base
Salt

47. Learning Check
What gas is produced by the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with acetic acid?
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen

48. Learning Check Answers
What gas is produced by the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with acetic acid?
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen

49. Learning Check
Which will dissociate (not ionize) when placed in water?
CH3OH
HCl
KBr
HClO4

50. Learning Check Answers
Which will dissociate (not ionize) when placed in water?
CH3OH
HCl
KBr
HClO4
Ionic compounds are already charged as cations & anions. Water allows them to break apart and separate (dissociation).
Covalent compounds must be charged by water so they can form ions (ionization).

51. Learning Check
A solution is tested with the conductivity apparatus and the light bulb did not light. Which of the following is not likely?
The beaker contained only water.
The beaker contained water and C6H12O6.
The beaker contained water and CaCl2.

52. Learning Check Answers
A solution is tested with the conductivity apparatus and the light bulb did not light. Which of the following is not likely?
The beaker contained only water.
The beaker contained water and C6H12O6.
The beaker contained water and CaCl2.