1. Food Chains, Food Webs, and the Transfer of Energy
Unit 2, Part 2 Notes April Derochers McClure Middle School Cobb County Schools 7th Grade
Food Chains, Food Webs, and the Transfer of Energy

2. The Sun: The Primary Source of Energy

3. Did you know that all our Energy actually comes from the sun?
Did you know the amount of solar energy reaching the earth's surface is 6000 times the amount of energy used by all human beings worldwide?

4. The Earth gets most of its energy from the sun.
We call this energy solar energy.
Sol means sun.
Solar energy travels from the sun to the Earth in rays. Energy that travels in rays is called radiant energy.

6. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things.

7. Videos: Photosynthesis

8. Autotrophs
Autotrophs are also called Producers because they produce all of the food that heterotrophs use
Without autotrophs, there would be no life on this planet
Ex. Plants and Algae

9. Autotrophs

10. Heterotrophs Organisms that do not make their own food
Another term for Heterotroph is consumer because they consume other organisms in order to live
Ex. Rabbits, Deer, Mushrooms

11. Heterotrophs

12. Heterotrophs Consumers
1. Scavengers – feed on the tissue of dead organisms (both plants and animals)
Ex. – Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp

13. Heterotrophs Consumers 2. Herbivores – eat ONLY plants
Ex. – Cows, Elephants, Giraffes

14. Heterotrophs Consumers 3. Carnivores – eat ONLY meat
Ex. – Lions, Tigers, Sharks

15. Heterotrophs Consumers 4. Omnivores – eat BOTH plants and animals
Ex. – Bears and Humans

16. Heterotrophs Consumers
5. Decomposers – absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients or fertilizers
Ex. – Bacteria and Mushrooms

17. Transfer of Energy
When a zebra eats the grass, it does not obtain all of the energy the grass has (much of it is not eaten)
When a lion eats a zebra, it does not get all of the energy from the zebra (much of it is lost as heat)

18. Transfer of Energy
The two (2) previous examples of energy transfer show that no organism EVER receives all of the energy from the organism they just ate
Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next – this is called the 10% law

19. Energy Pyramids

21. Trophic Levels
Energy moves from one organisms to another when it is eaten
Each step in this transfer of energy is know as a trophic level
The main trophic levels are producers, consumers, and decomposers

22. 10 % Rule

23. All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels.
In ecology, pyramids model the use of energy from the producers through the ecosystem.
The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels.
All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels.
Energy Pyramids:

24. Energy Pyramids

25. Ecological Pyramid
An ecological pyramid shows the relationship between consumers and producers at different trophic levels in an ecosystem
Shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained at each trophic level
The Pyramid shows which level has the most energy and the highest number of organisms

26. Ecological Pyramid

27. Food Chains
The energy flow from one trophic level to the other is know as a food chain
A food chain is simple and direct
It involves one organism at each trophic level
Primary Consumers – eat autotrophs (producers)
Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers
Tertiary Consumers – eat the secondary consumers
Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

28. Food Chain

31. Food Web Most organisms eat more the JUST one organism
When more organism are involved it is know as a FOOD WEB
Food webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms

32. Food Web

33. Food Web Notice that the direction the arrow points 
the arrow points in the direction of the energy transfer,
NOT “what ate what”

34. Food Web

35. What are the producers?

38. Create a food web with these three food chains on your paper.

41. Owl Lab: What trophic levels has the Owl eaten?

43. What is an owl pellet?
Owls are birds of prey. That means that they hunt the animals that they eat. After an owl eats the small rodents, birds, and bugs that are a part of its nightly diet, its stomach cannot digest the fur, bones, teeth, feathers, and insect shells from that food. These “extra” parts are formed into a tight PELLET inside the owl and are then are later SPIT UP by the owl.

44. Cool Owl Video
pellets/

45. DIGESTION: OWL PELLETS
A crop is a loose pouch inside the throat of most birds
that stores food and allows birds to pulverize hair, bones
and teeth so that they can be eliminated from the body.
Owls have no crop.

46. The owl’s stomach has two parts
The owl’s stomach has two parts . The anterior part is called the proventriculus which produces enzymes, acids and mucus. The second part is called the ventriculus or gizzard which compresses the indigestible part of prey (hair, bones, teeth, feathers, etc.) The stomach muscles form the undigested parts into a wet, slimy pellet. The pellet passes into the proventriculus and remains there for up to ten hours before being regurgitated. When an owl eats more than one prey within several hours, the remains are consolidated into one pellet. New prey cannot be swallowed until the pellet is ejected. Barn owls produce one to two pellets per 24 hours.

47. Much can be learned about an owl’s diet and environment by examining its pellets.
Studies of dissected owl pellets provide information about changes in feeding habits that occur from season to season as well as the different species of animals and/or plants that are found in the owl’s habitat.
This information allows us to see what role an owl plays in the ecosystem and how they are adapted to their niche.

53. Predators vs Prey:

56. Ecological Studies of Wolves and Moose on Isle Royale
Isle Royale is the largest island located in Lake Superior. The island is approximately 45 miles in
length and 9 miles wide. Isle Royale consists of Isle Royale (main island) and multiple smaller
islands. Isle Royale is about 12 miles south of Canada, 20 miles Southeast of Grand Portage,
Minnesota and 53 miles north of Copper Harbor, Michigan. Isle Royale National Park was
established in 1940, designated a wilderness area in 1976 and an International Biosphere
Reserve in Isle Royale is a remote island, the only mode of transportation available is by
boat or seaplane.
Moose first arrived at Isle Royale around The moose population tends to increase in years
with mild winters, early spring green-up, abundant winter forage, low wolf numbers and low
levels of tick infestation. Wolves first arrived at the island on an ice bridge from Canada in 1940.
Disease has also influenced the wolf population. Between 1980 and 1982, the wolf population
declined from 50 to 14, due to canine parvovirus.
The Isle Royale wolves and moose have been studied since This Isle Royale wolf-moose
study is unique because it entails just a single predator (the wolf) and a single prey (the moose)
on a small island with very little human influence. This is the longest continuous study of a
predator and its prey.
Predator Prey Graphs

62. Biomass
The total mass of the organic matter at each trophic level is called biomass
Biomass is just another term for potential energy – energy that is to be eaten and used.
The transfer of energy from one level to another is very inefficient (10% Law)

63. Biomass

64. Ecological Pyramid

65. Ecological Pyramid Which level has the most energy?
Which level has the most organisms?
Which level has the least organisms?
Which level has the least energy?

71. Review:

72. Symbiosis
A close and permanent association between organisms of different species
Commensalism – a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected
Example: Barnacles on a whale
Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other
Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back
Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Example: Ticks on a dog