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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 14 Table of Contents Section 1 Biogenesis
History of Life
Chapter 14
Table of Contents
Section 1 Biogenesis
Section 2 Earth’s History
Section 3 The First Life-Forms

4. Section 1 Biogenesis
Chapter 14
Objectives
Compare the principle of biogenesis with the idea of spontaneous generation.
Summarize the results of experiments by Redi and by Spallanzani that tested the hypothesis of spontaneous generation.
Describe how Pasteur’s experiment disproved the hypothesis of spontaneous generation.

5. Chapter 14 Redi’s Experiment
Section 1 Biogenesis
Chapter 14
Redi’s Experiment
Before the 1600s, it was generally thought that organisms could arise from nonliving material by spontaneous generation.

6. Redi’s Experiment, continued
Section 1 Biogenesis
Chapter 14
Redi’s Experiment, continued
Redi showed in 1668 that rotting meat kept away from flies would not produce new flies.
Maggots appeared only on meat that had been exposed to flies.

7. Spallanzani’s Experiment
Section 1 Biogenesis
Chapter 14
Spallanzani’s Experiment
Spallanzani showed in the 1700s that microorganisms would not grow in broth when its container was heated and then sealed.
He inferred that microorganisms do not arise spontaneously but, rather, are carried in the air.

8. Spallanzani’s Experiment
Section 1 Biogenesis
Chapter 14
Spallanzani’s Experiment

9. Chapter 14 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1 Biogenesis
Chapter 14
Pasteur’s Experiment
Pasteur in the 1800s used a variation of Spallanzani’s design to prove that microorganisms are carried in the air and do not arise by spontaneous generation.

10. Section 1 Biogenesis
Chapter 14
Pasteur’s Experiment

11. Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
Objectives
Outline the modern scientific understanding of the formation of Earth.
Summarize the concept of half-life.
Describe the production of organic compounds in the Miller-Urey apparatus.
Summarize the possible importance of cell-like structures produced in the laboratory.

12. Chapter 14 The Formation of Earth Earth’s Age
Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
The Formation of Earth
Earth’s Age
Scientists think that Earth formed more than 4 billion years ago by the gravitational accumulation of dust and debris moving through space.

13. The Formation of Earth, continued
Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
The Formation of Earth, continued
Radiometric Dating
Isotopes are atoms with varying numbers of neutrons.

14. The Formation of Earth, continued
Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
The Formation of Earth, continued
Radiometric Dating
The ages of rocks and other materials can be determined by measuring the amount of radioactive decay that has occurred in radioactive isotopes found in samples of those materials.
An isotope’s half-life is the time that one-half of a sample of the isotope takes to decay.

15. Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
Radioactive Decay

16. Chapter 14 Radiometric Dating Section 2 Earth’s History
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

17. First Organic Compounds
Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
First Organic Compounds
Synthesis of Organic Compounds
The first simple organic compounds on early Earth may have formed under conditions of high energy and in an atmosphere very different from that of today’s Earth.
Further chemical reactions may have converted simple organic compounds into the macromolecules important to life.
These conditions have been experimentally modeled.

18. Miller-Urey Experiment
Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
Miller-Urey Experiment

19. First Organic Compounds, continued
Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
First Organic Compounds, continued
Organic Compounds from Beyond Earth
Meteorites may have brought organic compounds to Earth.

20. From Molecules to Cell-Like Structures
Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
From Molecules to Cell-Like Structures
Cell-like structures, including microspheres and coacervates, form spontaneously in certain kinds of solutions.
These structures could have been a step in the formation of modern cells but lack hereditary material.

21. From Molecules to Cell-Like Structures, continued
Section 2 Earth’s History
Chapter 14
From Molecules to Cell-Like Structures, continued
Scientists continue to investigate many hypotheses about the origins of organic molecules and cells in Earth’s history.

22. Chapter 14 Objectives Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Explain the importance of the chemistry of RNA in relation to the origin of life.
List three inferred characteristics that describe the first forms of cellular life on Earth.
Compare the two types of autotrophy used by early cells.
Relate the development of photosynthesis to the development of aerobic respiration in early cells.
Explain the theory of endosymbiosis.

23. Chapter 14 The Origin of Heredity
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
The Origin of Heredity
The first molecule that held hereditary information may have been RNA rather than DNA.

24. Chapter 14 The Roles of RNA
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
The Roles of RNA
In addition to serving as a template for protein assembly, some RNA molecules can act as self-replicating enzymes and are called ribozymes.

25. Chapter 14 The First Cells
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
The First Cells
The first cells that formed on Earth were probably heterotrophic prokaryotes.

26. The First Cells, continued
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
The First Cells, continued
Chemosynthesis
The first autotrophic cells probably used chemosynthesis to make food.
Chemosynthesis produces energy through the oxidation of inorganic substances, such as sulfur.

27. The First Cells, continued
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
The First Cells, continued
Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration
Most modern autotrophic cells, such as cyanobacteria, use photosynthesis to make food.
An important byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen.

28. The First Cells, continued
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
The First Cells, continued
Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration
Once oxygen began to accumulate on Earth, cells would need to bind oxygen to other compounds in order to prevent damage to cell enzymes.
This binding function may have been a first step toward aerobic respiration in cells.

29. Chapter 14 The First Eukaryotes
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
The First Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells may have evolved from large prokaryotic cells that engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells. This is known as the theory of endosymbiosis.
The engulfed prokaryotic cells may have become the ancestors of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

30. Evolution of Eukaryotes
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
Evolution of Eukaryotes

31. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
Section 3 The First Life-Forms
Chapter 14
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

32. Chapter 14 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. In the 17th and 18th centuries, which of the following was the hypothesis of spontaneous generation used to explain?
A. how new life started
B. how eukaryotes evolved
C. how simple organic compounds formed
D. how coacervates and microspheres formed

33. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. In the 17th and 18th centuries, which of the following was the hypothesis of spontaneous generation used to explain?
A. how new life started
B. how eukaryotes evolved
C. how simple organic compounds formed
D. how coacervates and microspheres formed

34. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Coacervates are similar to cells but lack which of the following?
F. genetic information
G. interior fluid
H. complex organic molecules
J. the chemical properties of cells

35. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Coacervates are similar to cells but lack which of the following?
F. genetic information
G. interior fluid
H. complex organic molecules
J. the chemical properties of cells

36. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. The planets of our solar system gained mass for a half-billion years after their formation as a result of which of the following?
A. flames from the sun
B. collisions with space debris
C. tidal forces generated by moons
D. the synthesis of organic molecules

37. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. The planets of our solar system gained mass for a half-billion years after their formation as a result of which of the following?
A. flames from the sun
B. collisions with space debris
C. tidal forces generated by moons
D. the synthesis of organic molecules

38. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the decay of a radioactive isotope over time. Use the
graph to answer the question that follows.
4. If the half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years, how many years would it take for 7/8 of the original amount of carbon-14 in a sample to decay?
F. 5,014 years
G. 11,460 years
H. 17,190 years
J. 22,920 years

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the decay of a radioactive isotope over time. Use the
graph to answer the question that follows.
4. If the half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years, how many years would it take for 7/8 of the original amount of carbon-14 in a sample to decay?
F. 5,014 years
G. 11,460 years
H. 17,190 years
J. 22,920 years

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. chloroplasts : cyanobacteria :: mitochondria :
A. archaea
B. aerobic prokaryotes
C. anaerobic eukaryotes
D. chemosynthetic bacteria

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. chloroplasts : cyanobacteria :: mitochondria :
A. archaea
B. aerobic prokaryotes
C. anaerobic eukaryotes
D. chemosynthetic bacteria

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the table below to
answer the questions that follow.
6. According to the table, which element is found on Earth in a greater abundance than the element’s abundance in meteorites?
F. iron
G. sulfur
H. oxygen
J. magnesium

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the table below to
answer the questions that follow.
6. According to the table, which element is found on Earth in a greater abundance than the element’s abundance in meteorites?
F. iron
G. sulfur
H. oxygen
J. magnesium

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the table below to
answer the questions that follow.
7. If this table is typical of the relative abundance of all elements on Earth, in meteorites, and on other planets, which of the following statements would be supported?
A. Earth and meteorites have similar origins.
B. Earth and meteorites have different origins.
C. All meteorites formed from parts of Earth.
D. All elements on Earth come from meteorites.

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the table below to
answer the questions that follow.
7. If this table is typical of the relative abundance of all elements on Earth, in meteorites, and on other planets, which of the following statements would be supported?
A. Earth and meteorites have similar origins.
B. Earth and meteorites have different origins.
C. All meteorites formed from parts of Earth.
D. All elements on Earth come from meteorites.

46. Chapter 14 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Describe the prevailing scientific model of the original formation of Earth.

47. Short Response, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Describe the prevailing scientific model of the original formation of Earth.
Answer:
About 5 billion years ago, the solar system began as a spinning mass of dust and debris. The debris was pulled together by gravity, forming the sun and planets. Earth began to form about 4.6 billion years ago.

48. Chapter 14 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Little direct evidence has been found of any life that existed in the first few billion years of Earth’s history.
Part A Describe the major steps that may have led to the development of eukaryotic organisms.
Part B Describe evidence that supports hypotheses about some of these steps.

49. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 14
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A First, organic compounds formed in the early atmosphere from simpler molecules. Then, the organic compounds developed the ability to replicate themselves. The first life used chemosynthesis to obtain energy. The first eukaryotes developed by engulfing smaller prokaryotes that evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Part B Answers may vary depending on the step selected, such as the Miller-Urey experiment used to test models for the synthesis of organic molecules.