1. Emerging issues for Open Oceans from the perspective of the science community
Corinne Le Quéré
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
University of East Anglia

2. Climate change and ocean acidification
Surface temperature trends
HadCRU3v
Surface salinity trends
Durack et al. (2010; 2012)
Ocean–atm pCO2 trends
Le Quéré et al (2010) based on Takahashi et al (2009)

3. Ocean deoxygenation 1990s minus 1970s O2 Changes 100-1000 m
Helm, Bindoff and Church 2011
O2 trends at 20 m
Gilbert et al. 2010
(reverse color scale)
reduction in available habitat
Stramma et al 2012
reduction in growth performance of fish
(W Cheung et al)
influences pelagic fish structure (e.g. sardine – anchovies switch in N Pac, e.g. Möllmann et al )

4. Atmospheric nutrient deposition
N deposition from the atmosphere
in 1860
in 2000
Duce et al, Science (2008)

5. Geoengineering and iron fertilization
NASA ocean colour image, during the soiree iron fertilization experiment, 1999
July 2012

6. Plastic accumulation Plastic pieces per km2
Lavender Law et al, Science 2010

7. Thresholds, extreme events and tipping points
Schrope, Nature 2012
Black Shale, Italy
P. Wilson, NOC

8. State of observations-1
Temperature profiles, Levitus 1982
Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) 2012
ARGO floats, Sept 2012

9. Incomplete but progressing quantitative understanding
Climate velocity to quantify limits to adaptation in marine ecosystems
Burrows et al. Science 2011
Warming impact on fisheries Cheung et al. GCB 2010
Decadal predictions of ocean temperature
Keenlyside, Yeager et al. 2012

10. Conclusions:
Several global change issues could impact and interfere with projects undertaken by GEF in the next decade
Findings from GEF projects could help better quantify the importance of global issues and increase GEF visibility