1. Tolerance & Succession
What lives where & why

2. Limiting Factors
factors that restrict the numbers or distribution of organisms
Plant limiting factors:
P & N water
sunlight temperature
Soil (type, amount, pH, salinity)
Herbivores

3. Biome Type Determined by:
Temperature & Water
determine plants types
Type of plants sets up food chain & shelter so…..
determines types of animals

4. Temp & Water based on… 1) Latitude: 2) Altitude:
Farther from equator = colder
Weather patterns based on latitude determine precipitation
2) Altitude:
Higher up = colder
Windward side = lots of rain
Leeward side = rain shadow

7. Rain shadow
Windward side

8. Biomes of Rocky Mountains

9. More Terms: Biodiversity: # different species of organism
more diversity = more stable system
Dominant Species:
Species with the most biomass
Greatly affect other species
Keystone Species:
removal has major effects

10. Bottom up model of control: amount of energy at bottom of food chain controls number of consumers Top down model: number of predators keep the prey in check.

11. Biodiversity most affected by:
1) Evolutionary History:
a) older ecosystems = more time for speciation
b) tropical = older…fewer disturbances (glaciers)
c) tropical = longer growing season = more time
2) Evapotranspiration:
a) combined evaporation from plants & soil
b) measure of rainfall, solar radiation & temp
c) more evapotrans = more diversity
3) Latitude = #1 predictor of biodiversity

12. Invasive Species Non-native species invade an ecosystem
Also called exotic species
May have no predators in new ecosystem
Represent a dead-end in the food chain
Out-compete native organisms decreasing
species diversity

15. Pioneer & Climax Communities
Pioneer = first organisms to move in
New area
Disturbed area (after fire, plowing)
Climax = last community to move in
community stays same for long time
very little change
highest species diversity

16. Seres
Successive communities that replace each other in ecological succession
Each sere changes the environment making it easier for the next sere to move in = facilitation
Each new sere outcompetes the previous sere
(competitve exclusion)

17. Primary Succession First organisms to live on that piece of ground
1) volcanic islands
2) rock slides
3) a humans dig a lake

18. Secondary Succession 2nd time a community has grown there
1) after forest fire or flood
2) abandoned farmer’s fields
3) vacant lots

19. Traits of pioneer species
A) Primary succession
1) very hardy
2) tolerate full sun, drought, little – no soil
3) low species diversity
4) r-selected (tolerate high mortality)
5) poor competitors in less hostile habitat

20. Traits of pioneer species
B) Secondary succession
1) weeds – good dispersal fast growth
2) annuals
3) full sun, drought tolerant
4) r –selected
5) poor competitors - oportunistic

21. Seres of secondary Weeds- annuals
Perennial grasses & flowers young shrubs
Shrubs & sun loving trees (pines)
Shade loving trees (deciduous)
seedlings that can grow in shade replace
sun-loving trees as older trees die

22. Biome determined by abiotic
Very little water …succession ends with desert grasses/shrubs or cacti
Dry seasons, low precipitation …. Succ ends with Grass lands/savanna (not enough water for trees)
Water available long growing season but cold winter
deciduous trees
Water available but short growing season (cold)
evergreen trees (tiaga or boreal forest)
Water and warm all year – tropical rain forest

23. Wetlands Reduce flooding Filter sediment out of water
Filter toxins out of water
Provide nurseries for fish & shellfish
Provide homes for many species
High species diversity

24. Biological Control
Use one organism to control the population of another organism.
Protists: microsporidia to control insects
Fungi:
Bacteria:
Insects: