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All Russia All Day
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Overall Characteristics/Themes Visible Throughout Russia History
Invasions and fear of invasion Openness to West – or not Alternating periods of repression and reform Little or no history of democracy
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Ancient Russia 850 A.D. Russia settled by Scandinavians
KEY POINTS SLIDE 850 A.D. Russia settled by Scandinavians People from Norway, Sweden, Finland Main city is Novgorod Major Rulers: Oleg Vladimir I Influenced by Byzantine Empire Brings orthodox church to Russia
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Novgorod is the capital city
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Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity
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Early Byzantine Influences: Cyrillic Alphabet
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Mongol Invasion KEY POINTS SLIDE Mongol Invasion: forces of Genghis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow Most of Russia conquered by Mongols Mongols control Russia for next 200 years States forced to pay “tribute” to Mongols City of Novgorod remains in Russian control Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols
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MONGOL EMPIRE
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Mongol/Tatar Rule 1240-1480 Brutal invasion
Russia “hibernated” and missed the High Middle Ages of Western Europe Mongols are finally pushed out 1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule over Russia Tatars were Turks who also were invading Russia, and then acted as an administrator for the Mongols
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Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.
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16TH AND 17TH RUSSIA Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible
KEY POINTS SLIDE Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible Power tended to rest with boyars Held land Controlled serfs Boyars struggles with new tsars for control New tsars used boyars to serve state Created bureaucracy Mandatory military service
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Ivan the Great (1480) Leads rebellion against the Mongols
Freed Russian cities from Mongol control
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Ivan III (THE GREAT) Established hereditary rule
Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome Tsar head of Orthodox Church Cossacks (Turkish word = “free men”) Peasants who periodically fought government Ivan wanted Byzantine legacy for himself Called himself Tsar/Czar from Caesar Rebuilt the Kremlin with Italian architects Czar in charge of church - selected by God
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Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1533 Becomes Tsar of Russia as a 3 yr.old
Expanded Russian land into Siberia Attacked his own followers if they displeased him (including his own son)
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Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1530-1584
First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar) Assumed throne at age three Built St. Basil’s Cathedral (brought back religion) Boyar families fought for de facto control of government Encouraged him to be cruel to animals and people 10 years of boyar rule left Ivan scarred 1543—executed a boyar 1547—married Anastasia Romanov
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The End of Ivan At wife’s death had breakdown
Ivan believed boyars poisoned her Tortured and executed many Cruelty and insanity broke through 1581—killed 2nd son, Ivan Son, Feodor, gained throne Feodor died with no heir Riurik dynasty ended, Russia in disarray Civil War, Polish invasion ensued
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The Two Ivans Church reform Government supervision of clergy
Increased control of peoples’ lives Permanent military established Sudebnik (new law code) Limited aristocracy More difficult for peasants to leave their land Oprichniki Special police force to destroy boyars Wear all black and ride black horses KEY POINTS SLIDE
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New Line of Tsars: Romanov
KEY POINTS SLIDE New Line of Tsars: Romanov 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar Romanov rule officially begins Romanov’s rule Russia until Russian Revolution (WWI) He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy
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Michael Romanov 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar
Total inserfment of peasants by 1649 Military service demands for boyars were relaxed Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks
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Feudal System (Russian Serfdom)
KEY POINTS SLIDE 3 classes of people Ruling class Tsar and family Nobles Land owners, Barons & Knights Need serfs to work the land Serfs (peasants) Land workers (farmers) Need nobles to protect them from invaders, criminals
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KEY POINTS SLIDE Peter the Great Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689 Traveled widely Built St. Petersburg Westernized Russia Modernized army Tried to be more like Western Europe Table of Ranks – position in government based upon merit Biggest problem-Russia had no warm water ports Battled with Ottoman Turks to control Black Sea Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea Eliminated the “Terem” - the isolation of women Encouraged men and women to interact Taxed men who did not cut their beards Set up elementary schools in cities, 10 years later open universities
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Beard Tax Nobles were expected to dress and behave in a more “Western” manner
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Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West
The winter palace
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Russia Under Peter the Great
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Catherine the Great (1729-1796)
KEY POINTS SLIDE Wife of Peter III (tsarina) Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization Considered an enlightened despot Let boyars not pay taxes Taxed peasants heavily Encouraged museums, new buildings, libraries Believed in equality, but treated the poor badly Very good at foreign policy Expanded Russian borders
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Russia Under Catherine the Great
Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea 1790s—partitioned Poland
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Reform, then Repression
Initially open to reform Art, literature and science Greater local self-government Legal reforms Pugachev Rebellion & revolution in France made her become more oppressive Read Enlightenment thinkers works Communicated with Denis Diderot Passed “reforms” to lessen punishments on serfs Abolished death penalty Encouraged
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Problems with Feudal System
World was changing “Western” culture had given up on the feudal system Russia becoming more industrial Serfs no longer need protection “Serfs” in Russia given freedom in 1860, but… “Worker’s” lives did not improve
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Rulers who don’t get their own slide:
KEY POINTS SLIDE Nicolas I Grew Russia to its current size Alexander II Several reforms judicial system, local judges, abolishing corporal punishment promoted local self-government through the zemstvo system, ended some privileges of the nobility Alexander III (assassinated) Reversed all of Alexander II’s reforms
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Nicolas II 1894-1917 Weak military Son, Alexi was hemophiliac
KEY POINTS SLIDE Nicolas II Weak military Lost Russo Japanese War Went to war front during WWI Son, Alexi was hemophiliac Issues with Rasputin influencing his wife’s political decisions while away at war TWO revolts under his rule Bloody Sunday 1905 February Revolution 1917 Abdicates thrown, ending Romanov rule, beginning the Russian Revolution of 1917
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Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
a result of Nicholas's interest in Russian expansion in the Far East Russia suffers humiliation at the hands of the Japanese Nicholas is seen as a weak ruler - Bloody Sunday happens not long after knell vb [ME knellen, fr. OE cnyllan; akin to MHG er knellen to toll] vi 1 : to ring esp. for a death, funeral, or disaster : TOLL 2 : to sound in onominous manner or with an ominous effect ~ vt : to summon, announce, or proclaim by or as if by a knell knell n 2 : an indication of the end or the failure of something
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Bloody Sunday Guards at the winter palace open fire on protestors
A large revolt breaks out Nicholas agrees to create a parliament (Duma) to appease the protesting people He never intends to keep the Duma in place and he dismisses it as soon as calm returns. knell vb [ME knellen, fr. OE cnyllan; akin to MHG er knellen to toll] vi 1 : to ring esp. for a death, funeral, or disaster : TOLL 2 : to sound in onominous manner or with an ominous effect ~ vt : to summon, announce, or proclaim by or as if by a knell knell n 2 : an indication of the end or the failure of something
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WWII Russia was unprepared for war: was still recovering from the Russo-Japanese War ( ) Many troops sent to front unarmed (up to 1 out of 3) The tsar goes to the war front and leaves the tsarina in control. The tsarina is under the influence of Rasputin knell vb [ME knellen, fr. OE cnyllan; akin to MHG er knellen to toll] vi 1 : to ring esp. for a death, funeral, or disaster : TOLL 2 : to sound in onominous manner or with an ominous effect ~ vt : to summon, announce, or proclaim by or as if by a knell knell n 2 : an indication of the end or the failure of something
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The czar’s unpopularity & failure of the government to respond to problems increased calls for socialism Socialists demanded that the government control all means of production to create an equal society Radical workers, peasants, & soldiers began to form councils called soviets that held meetings & assumed control over local gov’ts In 1903, a radical socialist named Vladimir Lenin formed the Bolsheviks, a group that supported a revolutionary overthrow of the Russian government
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By early 1917, citizens were rioting across Russia demanding an end the monarchy & to World War I
In March, Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne & the Duma created a provisional (temporary) government Bolshevik Red Guards seized control of the provisional government & declared themselves the new gov’t leaders of Russia Lenin’s message of “peace, land, & bread” helped him gain popularity among the Russian people
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Nicholas II and his four daughters: Tatiana, Olga, Marie, and Anastasia. At right, in front, is his hemophiliac son, Alexis. Nicholas and his family were sent to internal exile by the Bolsheviks. They were eventually executed
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Vladimir Lenin 1917-1924 Began redistribution of land and factories
KEY POINTS SLIDE Vladimir Lenin Began redistribution of land and factories Signed a treaty giving land to Germany to get out of WWI Brest Litovsk Treaty The Russian Revolution led to a civil war between the Bolshevik Red Army & the White Army (people who wanted a new czar, democracy, or land back) Lenin transformed Russia into the Soviet Union, the world’s first socialist gov’t & created the Communist Party to rule the nation Lenin’s NEP: New Economic Policy allowed the sale of extra agricultural products to help get the economy moving. Many Bolsheviks did not like it.
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KEY POINTS SLIDE Joseph Stalin In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke & died in 1924; Lenin’s death led to a struggle for power in the USSR By 1927, Joseph Stalin out maneuvered his rivals & gained control of the Soviet Union Stalin quickly created a totalitarian state in which he had total control of the gov’t & peoples’ lives
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Industrialization improved but famine killed millions
Russia Under Stalin Stalin was a totalitarian dictator who transformed the USSR into a police state Stalin led the Great Purge to eliminate potential rivals in the Communist Party (He executed 8-13 million) Stalin implemented his 5 year plans to collectivize and industrialize Russia Industrialization improved but famine killed millions
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Post WWII: The Cold War KEY POINTS SLIDE Not a direct conflict. Tense moments, competition, and proxy wars Korean War Vietnam War Cuban Missile crisis Afghan War Space Race The US and USSR compete for global dominance Nuclear build up leads to MAD Mutually Assured Destruction Soviet Union falls in 1989 Gorbachev policies of Perastroika and Glasnost Marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall
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