1. All Russia All Day

2. Overall Characteristics/Themes Visible Throughout Russia History
Invasions and fear of invasion
Openness to West – or not
Alternating periods of repression and reform
Little or no history of democracy

3. Ancient Russia 850 A.D. Russia settled by Scandinavians
KEY POINTS SLIDE
850 A.D.
Russia settled by Scandinavians
People from Norway, Sweden, Finland
Main city is Novgorod
Major Rulers:
Oleg
Vladimir I
Influenced by Byzantine Empire
Brings orthodox church to Russia

4. Novgorod is the capital city

5. Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity

6. Early Byzantine Influences: Cyrillic Alphabet

7. Mongol Invasion
KEY POINTS SLIDE
Mongol Invasion: forces of Genghis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow
Most of Russia conquered by Mongols
Mongols control Russia for next 200 years
States forced to pay “tribute” to Mongols
City of Novgorod remains in Russian control
Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols

8. MONGOL EMPIRE

9. Mongol/Tatar Rule 1240-1480 Brutal invasion
Russia “hibernated” and missed the High Middle Ages of Western Europe
Mongols are finally pushed out
1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule over Russia
Tatars were Turks who also were invading Russia, and then acted as an administrator for the Mongols

10. Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

11. 16TH AND 17TH RUSSIA Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible
KEY POINTS SLIDE
Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible
Power tended to rest with boyars
Held land
Controlled serfs
Boyars struggles with new tsars for control
New tsars used boyars to serve state
Created bureaucracy
Mandatory military service

12. Ivan the Great (1480) Leads rebellion against the Mongols
Freed Russian cities from Mongol control

13. Ivan III (THE GREAT) Established hereditary rule
Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome
Tsar head of Orthodox Church
Cossacks (Turkish word = “free men”)
Peasants who periodically fought government
Ivan wanted Byzantine legacy for himself
Called himself Tsar/Czar from Caesar
Rebuilt the Kremlin with Italian architects
Czar in charge of church - selected by God

14. Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1533 Becomes Tsar of Russia as a 3 yr.old
Expanded Russian land into Siberia
Attacked his own followers if they displeased him (including his own son)

15. Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1530-1584
First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar)
Assumed throne at age three
Built St. Basil’s Cathedral (brought back religion)
Boyar families fought for de facto control of government
Encouraged him to be cruel to animals and people
10 years of boyar rule left Ivan scarred
1543—executed a boyar
1547—married Anastasia Romanov

16. The End of Ivan At wife’s death had breakdown
Ivan believed boyars poisoned her
Tortured and executed many
Cruelty and insanity broke through
1581—killed 2nd son, Ivan
Son, Feodor, gained throne
Feodor died with no heir
Riurik dynasty ended, Russia in disarray
Civil War, Polish invasion ensued

17. The Two Ivans Church reform Government supervision of clergy
Increased control of peoples’ lives
Permanent military established
Sudebnik (new law code)
Limited aristocracy
More difficult for peasants to leave their land
Oprichniki
Special police force to destroy boyars
Wear all black and ride black horses
KEY POINTS SLIDE

18. New Line of Tsars: Romanov
KEY POINTS SLIDE
New Line of Tsars: Romanov
1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar
Romanov rule officially begins
Romanov’s rule Russia until Russian Revolution (WWI)
He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy

19. Michael Romanov 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar
Total inserfment of peasants by 1649
Military service demands for boyars were relaxed
Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks

20. Feudal System (Russian Serfdom)
KEY POINTS SLIDE
3 classes of people
Ruling class
Tsar and family
Nobles
Land owners, Barons & Knights
Need serfs to work the land
Serfs (peasants)
Land workers (farmers)
Need nobles to protect them from invaders, criminals

21. KEY POINTS SLIDE
Peter the Great
Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689
Traveled widely
Built St. Petersburg
Westernized Russia
Modernized army
Tried to be more like Western Europe
Table of Ranks – position in government based upon merit
Biggest problem-Russia had no warm water ports
Battled with Ottoman Turks to control Black Sea
Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea
Eliminated the “Terem” - the isolation of women
Encouraged men and women to interact
Taxed men who did not cut their beards
Set up elementary schools in cities, 10 years later open universities

22. Beard Tax
Nobles were expected to dress and behave in a more “Western” manner

23. Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West
The winter palace

24. Russia Under Peter the Great

26. Catherine the Great (1729-1796)
KEY POINTS SLIDE
Wife of Peter III (tsarina)
Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization
Considered an enlightened despot
Let boyars not pay taxes
Taxed peasants heavily
Encouraged museums, new buildings, libraries
Believed in equality, but treated the poor badly
Very good at foreign policy
Expanded Russian borders

27. Russia Under Catherine the Great
Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea
1790s—partitioned Poland

28. Reform, then Repression
Initially open to reform
Art, literature and science
Greater local self-government
Legal reforms
Pugachev Rebellion & revolution in France made her become more oppressive
Read Enlightenment thinkers works
Communicated with Denis Diderot
Passed “reforms” to lessen punishments on serfs
Abolished death penalty
Encouraged

29. Problems with Feudal System
World was changing
“Western” culture had given up on the feudal system
Russia becoming more industrial
Serfs no longer need protection
“Serfs” in Russia given freedom in 1860, but…
“Worker’s” lives did not improve

30. Rulers who don’t get their own slide:
KEY POINTS SLIDE
Nicolas I
Grew Russia to its current size
Alexander II
Several reforms
judicial system, local judges, abolishing corporal punishment
promoted local self-government through the zemstvo system, ended some privileges of the nobility
Alexander III (assassinated)
Reversed all of Alexander II’s reforms

31. Nicolas II 1894-1917 Weak military Son, Alexi was hemophiliac
KEY POINTS SLIDE
Nicolas II
Weak military
Lost Russo Japanese War
Went to war front during WWI
Son, Alexi was hemophiliac
Issues with Rasputin influencing his wife’s political decisions while away at war
TWO revolts under his rule
Bloody Sunday 1905
February Revolution 1917
Abdicates thrown, ending Romanov rule, beginning the Russian Revolution of 1917

32. Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
a result of Nicholas's interest in Russian expansion in the Far East
Russia suffers humiliation at the hands of the Japanese
Nicholas is seen as a weak ruler
- Bloody Sunday happens not long after
knell vb [ME knellen, fr. OE cnyllan; akin to MHG er knellen to toll] vi 1 : to ring esp. for a death, funeral, or disaster : TOLL 2 : to sound in onominous manner or with an ominous effect ~ vt : to summon, announce, or proclaim by or as if by a knell
knell n 2 : an indication of the end or the failure of something

33. Bloody Sunday Guards at the winter palace open fire on protestors
A large revolt breaks out
Nicholas agrees to create a parliament (Duma) to appease the protesting people
He never intends to keep the Duma in place and he dismisses it as soon as calm returns.
knell vb [ME knellen, fr. OE cnyllan; akin to MHG er knellen to toll] vi 1 : to ring esp. for a death, funeral, or disaster : TOLL 2 : to sound in onominous manner or with an ominous effect ~ vt : to summon, announce, or proclaim by or as if by a knell
knell n 2 : an indication of the end or the failure of something

34. WWII
Russia was unprepared for war: was still recovering from the Russo-Japanese War ( )
Many troops sent to front unarmed (up to 1 out of 3)
The tsar goes to the war front and leaves the tsarina in control.
The tsarina is under the influence of Rasputin
knell vb [ME knellen, fr. OE cnyllan; akin to MHG er knellen to toll] vi 1 : to ring esp. for a death, funeral, or disaster : TOLL 2 : to sound in onominous manner or with an ominous effect ~ vt : to summon, announce, or proclaim by or as if by a knell
knell n 2 : an indication of the end or the failure of something

35. The czar’s unpopularity & failure of the government to respond to problems increased calls for socialism
Socialists demanded that the government control all means of production to create an equal society
Radical workers, peasants, & soldiers began to form councils called soviets that held meetings & assumed control over local gov’ts
In 1903, a radical socialist named Vladimir Lenin formed the Bolsheviks, a group that supported a revolutionary overthrow of the Russian government

36. By early 1917, citizens were rioting across Russia demanding an end the monarchy & to World War I
In March, Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne & the Duma created a provisional (temporary) government
Bolshevik Red Guards seized control of the provisional government & declared themselves the new gov’t leaders of Russia
Lenin’s message of “peace, land, & bread” helped him gain popularity among the Russian people

37. Nicholas II and his four daughters: Tatiana, Olga, Marie, and Anastasia. At right, in front, is his hemophiliac son, Alexis.
Nicholas and his family were sent to internal exile by the Bolsheviks. They were eventually executed

38. Vladimir Lenin 1917-1924 Began redistribution of land and factories
KEY POINTS SLIDE
Vladimir Lenin
Began redistribution of land and factories
Signed a treaty giving land to Germany to get out of WWI
Brest Litovsk Treaty
The Russian Revolution led to a civil war between the Bolshevik Red Army & the White Army (people who wanted a new czar, democracy, or land back)
Lenin transformed Russia into the Soviet Union, the world’s first socialist gov’t & created the Communist Party to rule the nation
Lenin’s NEP: New Economic Policy allowed the sale of extra agricultural products to help get the economy moving. Many Bolsheviks did not like it.

39. KEY POINTS SLIDE
Joseph Stalin
In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke & died in 1924; Lenin’s death led to a struggle for power in the USSR
By 1927, Joseph Stalin out maneuvered his rivals & gained control of the Soviet Union
Stalin quickly created a totalitarian state in which he had total control of the gov’t & peoples’ lives

40. Industrialization improved but famine killed millions
Russia Under Stalin
Stalin was a totalitarian dictator who transformed the USSR into a police state
Stalin led the Great Purge to eliminate potential rivals in the Communist Party (He executed 8-13 million)
Stalin implemented his 5 year plans to collectivize and industrialize Russia
Industrialization improved but famine killed millions

41. Post WWII: The Cold War
KEY POINTS SLIDE
Not a direct conflict. Tense moments, competition, and proxy wars
Korean War
Vietnam War
Cuban Missile crisis
Afghan War
Space Race
The US and USSR compete for global dominance
Nuclear build up leads to MAD Mutually Assured Destruction
Soviet Union falls in 1989
Gorbachev policies of Perastroika and Glasnost
Marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall