2. The Nervous System 6
Lesson 6.1: Overview of the Nervous System Lesson 6.2: Transmission of Nerve Impulses Lesson 6.3: Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Lesson 6.4: Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Lesson 6.5: Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System

3. Overview of the Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.1
Overview of the Nervous System

4. Nervous System Overview
organization of the nervous system
two major divisions
the efferent nerves
nervous tissues
neuroglia
neurons

5. Organization of the Nervous System
two major divisions
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
sensory receptors
afferent (sensory) nerves
efferent (motor) nerves

6. Two Major Divisions

7. The Efferent Nerves somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system
voluntary
autonomic nervous system
involuntary
sympathetic
parasympathetic

8. Nervous Tissues neuroglia neurons also known as glial cells
support the neurons
protect the neurons
neurons
transmit nerve impulses

9. Neuroglia central nervous system astrocytes microglia ependymal
oligodendrocytes

10. Neuroglia
peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
satellite cells

11. Neurons dendrites cell bodies axons send information to cell body
send information away from cell body

12. Neuron Types by Function
sensory neurons
send impulses toward CNS
motor neurons
send impulses away from CNS
interneurons
bridges between neurons

13. Neuron Structures bipolar unipolar multipolar
one axon and one dendrite
unipolar
one axon
multipolar
one axon and many dendrites

14. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: sympathetic nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon. 1. high alert 2. transmits impulses away from cell body 3. fatty insulating material 4. gap between neurons

15. Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.2
Transmission of Nerve Impulses

16. Transmission of Nerve Impulses
action potentials
change in cell membrane charge
impulse transmission
charge change travels along axon
reflexes
involuntary response to stimulus

17. Action Potentials
polarized
depolarized
repolarized
refractory period

18. Impulse Transmission saltatory conduction transmission at synapses
gap junctions
neurotransmitter
excitatory effect
inhibitory effect

19. Reflexes somatic autonomic stimulate skeletal muscles
stimulate involuntary muscles

20. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled with _______________.

21. Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.3
Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

22. The Brain Cerebrum Diencephalon brain stem cerebellum meninges
blood-brain barrier

23. Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Associated with sensory (interpret impulses) and motor functions (control muscular movement)
Provides higher mental functions of memory and reasoning
Seat of intelligence and personality
Functions to control skeletal muscles, vision, hearing, taste, and skin sensations

24. Cerebrum cerebral cortex lobes primary motor cortex
gyrus
sulcus
fissure
lobes
Frontal – Motor. Association areas- high intellectual processes.
Parietal – Sensory. Association- speech, thoughts feelings.
Occipital – Sensory- Vision. Association – Combine visual images with other senses
Temporal – Sensory – Hearing and smelling. Assoc – visual senses, music, complex sensory
primary motor cortex
primary somatic sensory cortex

25. Cerebrum

26. Diencephalon Thalamus – Pain, touch, and temperature
Hypothalamus – Controls and integrates autonomic NS
Epithalamus – Connects limbic system to other parts of the brain

27. Brain Stem Midbrain – relay station for sensory and motor impulses
Relays info over vision, hearing, motor activity, sleep/wake cycles, alertness, and temp regulation
Pons – regulates breathing
medulla oblongata – regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. Controls reflexes for coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.

28. Medulla Oblongata

29. Medulla Oblongata
Medulla Oblongata – enlarged continuation of spinal cord
All nerve fibers pass through
Contains
Cardiac center – increases/decreases heart rate
Vasomotor center – stimulates smooth muscle in blood vessels to contract.
Constriction heart rate increases. (vasoconstriction)
Vasodilation
Respiratory center – adjusts rate and depth of breathing
Works with pons
Reflex center – coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomitting
Injuries to the medulla oblongata are often fatal

30. The Brain Cerebellum – balance Meninges Blood-brain barrier dura mater
Blood vessels supply nutrients
Meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

31. Spinal Cord

32. Myths

33. Pain an unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm
General info
highly subjective to person experiencing it
pain of some type is the most frequent reason for physician consultation in the US, causing half of all Americans to seek medical care annually
pain that stops without treatment or responds to simple measures is called acute
pain is part of the body’s defense system
pain that becomes pathological rather than beneficial is called chronic

34. Pain Intensity Localization
some have used a numeric scale ranging from 0-10
Localization
usually named according to area or region of association(HEADACHE, BACKACHE)
Radiating pain occurs when stimulus of a nerve at one site is perceived as pain in the sensory distribution of that nerve
Sciatica– involves pain running down the back of the buttock, leg, and bottom of foot (it is caused by compression of the nerve root in the lumbar spine)

35. Pain
Referred pain usually happens when sensory fibers from the viscera enter the same segment of the spinal cord as nerves from superficial tissue
heart attack—pain in left arm
Phantom pain is the sensation of pain from a limb or organ that has been lost or from which a person no longer receives signals

36. Review and Assessment
True or False? 1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions. 2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure. 3. The meninges has 3 layers. 4. The cerebellum coordinates balance. 5. The pons is also called the interbrain.

37. Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.4
Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System

38. Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
nerve structure
cranial nerves
spinal nerves and nerve plexuses
autonomic nervous system

39. Nerve Structure endoneurium perineurium epineurium covers axons
bundles fascicles
epineurium
wraps nerves

40. Cranial Nerves

41. Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
31 pairs
dorsal root
ventral root
dorsal ramus – carry nerve impulses to muscle and skin of trunk
ventral ramus – carry nerve impulses to muscle and skin of trunk
Plexuses – complex interconnection of nerves formed by ventral rami

42. Autonomic Nervous System
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
sympathetic nerves
fight-or-flight action
parasympathetic nerves
resting or digesting action

43. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: efferent, ganglion, optic, perineurium. 1. wraps fascicles 2. motor 3. a cranial nerve 4. enlarged junction

44. Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.5
Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System

45. Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord
traumatic brain injury – occurs during violent impacts to the head
cerebral palsy – group of nervous system disorders caused by dmg to the brain early on
spinal cord injury – fractures or displacements of the vertebrae can result in injury to the spinal cord

46. Zika Virus

47. Traumatic Brain Injury
violent impact to head
Mild – may remain conscious or lose consciousness for a short bit.
Symptoms: headache, confusion, dizziness, disrupted vision, ringing ears, bad taste in mouth, fatigue, abnormal sleep, behaviour changes, trouble with intellectual functions
Moderate
Same symptoms as above with worse/longer headache, repeated nausea/vomitting, seizures, slurred speech, weakness, numbness in extremities
severe
50% require surgical repair

48. Cerebral Palsy damage to brain motor function impairment
before birth
during birth
during infancy
motor function impairment
Caused by several conditions
Brain infections
Head injury
Impaired liver function

49. Spinal Cord Injuries C1–C3: usually fatal
C1–C4: quadriplegia – loss of function below neck
C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities
T1–L5: paraplegia
Loss of function in
Trunk and legs
Corepics/Shutterstock.com

50. Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS
Meningitis – inflammation of meninges surrounding brain and spinal cord
multiple sclerosis – autoimmune disease that destroys myelin sheaths
Epilepsy - group of brain disorders characterized by repeated seizures
Parkinson’s disease
Common amongst elderly
tremors and difficulty moving
Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease – loss of function in 2 or more areas of cognition

51. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy. 1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath 2. loss of memory and thinking 3. loss of function below the neck 4. may begin before birth

52. Brains