1. ERD Notation: Entity & AttributeOR
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2. ERD Notation: Relationshipor
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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3. Cardinality
Cardinality - refers to the number of times instances in one entity can be related to instances in another entity
One instance in an entity refers to one and only one instance in the related entity (1:1)  “one-to-one”
One instance in an entity refers to one or more instances in the related entity (1:N)  “one-to-many”
One or more instances in an entity refer to one or more instances in the related entity (M:N)  “many-to-many”
Modality - Refers to whether or not an instance of a child entity can exist without a related instance in the parent entity
Not Null means that an instance in the related entity must exist for an instance in another entity to be valid
Null means that instance in the related entity is not necessary for an instance in another entity to be valid
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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4. Relationship Cardinality …an example
1 : 1 one-to-one
satu orang staf ( contoh ketua jabatan) akan menguruskan satu jabatan dan satu jabatan akan hanya mempunyai satu ketua jabatan sahaja
1 : N one-to-many
satu orang pelanggan boleh membuat banyak tempahan tetapi bagi satu tempahan adalah untuk satu pelanggan sahaja
M : N many-to-many
satu orang pelajar boleh mendaftar banyak kursus dan satu kursus boleh ambil ramai pelajar
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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5. Relationship Cardinality
Mandatory 1 cardinality
(1,1) or
Mandatory many (M) cardinality (1, 2,…,many), n is a number for an upper limit)
(1,n) or
Optional 0 or 1 cardinality
(0,1) or
Optional zero-many cardinality (0,1,2,…many)
(0,n) or
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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6. Entity-Relationship Diagram: MISville Library
ERD : Contoh
Entity-Relationship Diagram: MISville Library
This is the entity-relationship diagram for the MISville Library:
Attributes B #1:  ISBN Number B #2:  Title B #3:  Subject(s) B #4:  Author(s) B #5:  Date of Publication B #6:  Acquisition Number
LC #1:  Name LC #2:  Address LC #3:  Phone LC #4:  DOB LC #5:  SSN LC #6:  Card Number
AJ #1:  ISBN Number AJ #2:  Title AJ #3:  Subject(s) AJ #4:  Author(s) AJ #5:  Date of Publication AJ #6:  Acquisition Number
CC #1:  Book Title CC #2:  Author(s) CC #3:  Subject(s) 
Data Modeling - ERDPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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7. Patient Doctor Insurance Claim Insurance Agent
Whenever new patients are seen for the first time, they complete a patient information form that asks their name, address, phone number, and insurance agent, all of which is stored in the patient information file. Patients can be signed up with only one agent. Each time a patient visits its doctor, an insurance claim is sent to the agent for payment. The claim must contain information about the visit, such as the date, purpose, and cost. It would be possible for a patient to submit two claims on the same day. Draw an ERD for the situation.
address
name
# phone
Patient
Doctor
Insurance
name
visit
submit
sign
(0, 2)
date
Insurance
Claim
Insurance
Agent
cost
send
(0, 2)
(0, 1)
purpose
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Practice: Food Order System
Read the situation given below,
Food Order System is used by Yummy Restaurant to manage every order from their customers. The Food Order System has few functions and very user friendly. It begins when the system receives order from the customer. The system will produce receipt by referring to the order. The order is also sent to the kitchen department. The system also used the information from the order to update their inventory as well as their sales. The system also has function to generate reports for the top management, i.e. sales report and inventory report.
Food Order System digunakan oleh Yummy Restaurant untuk mengurus setiap tempahan dari pelanggan. Food Order System ini mempunyai beberapa fungsi dan ramah pengguna. Ia bermula apabila sistem menerima tempahan dari pelanggan. Sistem akan mengeluarkan resit dengan merujuk kepada tempahan. Tempahan juga dihantar kepada bahagian dapur. Sistem juga menggunakan maklumat dari tempahan untuk mengemaskini inventori serta jualan. Sistem juga mempunyai fungsi untuk menghasilkan laporan-laporan bagi pihak pengurusan, iaitu laporan jualan dan laporan inventori
Draw ERD for the situation given.
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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9. Update inventory and sales
DFD Level 0
Order information
Order information
1.0
Receive order
CUSTOMER
KITCHEN DEPARTMENT
receipt
Order information
D1 Order file
2.0
Produce receipt
Order information
Order information
3.0
Update inventory and sales
Order information
D2 Inventory file
D3 Sales file
Updated information
Updated information
4.0
Generate reports
MANAGEMENT
Inventory & sales Reports
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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10. ERD CUSTOMER make ORDER Send to KITCHEN DEPARTMENT update receive
RECEIPT
INVENTORY
SALES
generate
generate
INVENTORY
REPORT
SALES
REPORT
submit
submit
MANAGEMENT
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. ERD Building Tips Data stores of the DFD should correspond to entities
Only include entities with more than one instance of information
Don’t include entities associated with implementation of the system (they will be added later) – physical model of ERD
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Exercise
For each pair of sentences, identify entities and the relationship representing the sentences.
"Each Student must take one or more Modules" "Each Module must be taken by one or more Students"
"Each Customer must receive at least one Delivery" "Each Delivery must be for only one Customer"
"A Client my have an Account Manager" "Each Account Manager has only one Client"
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Patient Doctor Insurance Claim Insurance Carrier
Whenever new patients are seen for the first time, they complete a patient information form that asks their name, address, phone number, and insurance carrier, all of which is stored in the patient information file. Patients can be signed up with only one carrier. Each time a patient visits its doctor, an insurance claim is sent to the carrier for payment. The claim must contain information about the visit, such as the date, purpose, and cost. It would be possible for a patient to submit two claims on the same day. Draw an ERD for the situation.
address
name
# phone
Patient
Doctor
Insurance
name
visit
submit
date
Insurance
Claim
Insurance
Carrier
cost
send
(0, 2)
(0, 1)
purpose
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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14. Associative Entity
An entity type that associates the instances of one or more entity types and contains attributes that are peculiar to the relationship between those entity instances
Example: Date_completed is not a property of entity EMPLOYEE or COURSE, it is a property of the relationship between EMPLOYEE and COURSE.
Employee_id
Course_Name
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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15. SHIPMENT Entity Type (an Associative Entity)
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16. Type of Attribute Derived Attribute Composite Attribute
Alamat
STAF
No_Staf
Nama
Umur
Tarikh_lahir
Jalan
Bandar
Poskod
No_rumah
Negeri
Multivalued Attribute
STAF
No_Staf
Nama
Nama_tanggungan
Create weak entity to separate the repeating data
STAF
No_Staf
Nama
TANGGUNGAN
mempunyai 1 M
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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17. Degree of a Relationship
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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18. Sample of ERD SUPPLIER SHIPMENT ITEM PRODUCTION PLAN MASTER SCHEDULE
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19. Final E-R Diagram for Hoosier Burger’s Inventory Control System
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.