1. Industrial Hygiene ERT 322
Lecture 3 – Identification, Evaluation and Control

2. Identification
Able to identify the hazard from single exposure or potential combined effects from multiple exposures
Require deep study on the chemical process, operating conditions and operating procedures
Source of information;
Process design descriptions
Operating instructions
Safety reviews
Equipment specs
Etc.

5. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Chemical Safety Data Sheets (CSDS)
MSDS lists the physical properties of a substance that may be required to determine the potential hazards of the substance
Manufacturer/supplier is responsible to provide the MSDS to their customers
* Example of MSDS

6. Evaluation
To determine the extent and degree of employee exposure to toxicants and physical hazards in the workplace
Once exposure data obtained, comparison is being made to acceptable occupational health standards eg: TLVs, PELs and IDLH concentrations (page 56)
Then, the decision on proper control measure can be made accordingly in order to reduce the risk

7. Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects
The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit for exposure of an employee to a substance or physical agent. For substances it is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm), or sometimes in milligrams per cubic metre (mg/m3)
IDLH is an initials for Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health, and is defined by the NIOSH as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment”

8. Table 2.7 – established by ACGIH

9. For vapors, concentration in ppm;
TLVs units – ppm, mg/m3,
For dust – mg/m3 or mppcf
For vapors, concentration in ppm;
Cppm = =
T (temperature, Kelvin), P (absolute pressure, atm) M (molecular weight, g/g-mol)
Equation 1
Equation 2

10. Problem 2.7 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
How much acetone liquid (ml) required to produce a vapor concentration of 200 ppm in a room of dimension 3 x 4 x 10 m?
Given T is 25°C, P is 1 atm, molecular weight is 58.1 and specific gravity is

12. Evaluation Exposure of Organic Toxicants
The simplest way to determine worker exposures is through continuous monitoring of the air concentrations.
For computation of continuous concentration data C(t) the TWA concentration,
C(t) the concentration of the toxicant in the air, mg/m3
tw the worker shift time in hours
Equation 3

13. Sometimes, continuous monitoring is not feasible
Sometimes, continuous monitoring is not feasible. Therefore, intermittent samples representing worker exposure at fixed points of time are obtained.
Equation 4
Single Component Exposure, workers are overexposed if the sum of conc. > permitted TWA

14. Example 3.3 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Determine the 8-hr TWA worker exposure if the worker is exposed to toluene vapors as follows;
Solution:
Answer: 155 ppm
Duration (h)
Concentration (ppm) 2
110
330 4 90
Equation 5

15. If the sum of the equation > 1, workers are overexposed
For a case of more than 1 toxicant is present in the workplace; the combined exposures from multiple toxicants with different TLV-TWAs is determined by;
n the total number of toxicants
Ci the conc. of toxicant i with respect to the other toxicants
(TLV-TWA)i the TLV-TWA for toxicant sp. i
If the sum of the equation > 1, workers are overexposed
Equation 6

16. The mixture also TLV-TWA can be computed using equation below;
If the total mixture conc. > (TLV-TWA)mix , workers are overexposed

17. Example 3.2 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Air contains 5 ppm of diethylamine (TLV-TWA = 10 ppm), 20 ppm cyclohexanol (TLV-TWA = 50 ppm) and 10 ppm of propylene oxide (TLV-TWA = 20 ppm). What is the mixture TLV-TWA and has this level been exceeded?

18. Evaluation of exposure to dusts
Dusts particle size range of µm
Particles > 0.5 µm unable to penetrate the lungs
Particle < 0.2 µm settle out too slowly, most exhaled with the air
Units: mg/mppcf
Equation 8

19. Example 3-5 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Determine the TLV for a uniform mixture of dusts containing the following particles;
Solution:
Answer: 6.8 mppcf
Type of dust
Concentration (wt.%)
TLV (mppcf)
Nonasbestiform 70 20
Quartz 30
2.7

20. Evaluation of exposure to Noise
Noise levels are measured in decibels (dB)
A dB is a relative logarithmic scale used to compare the intensities of two sounds. If one sound is at intensity I and another sound is at intensity Io, then the difference in intensity levels in dB is given;
Noise intensity (dB) = - 10 log10(I/Io)

22. Example 3.6 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
Determine whether the following noise level is permissible with no additional control features:
Noise Level (dBa)
Duration (hr)
Max. allowed (hr) 85
3.6
No limit 95
3.0 4
110
0.5

23. Solution:
(TLV – TWA)mix, noise = The sum > 1.0, workers are immediately required to wear ear protection. For long term plan, noise reduction control should be applied.

24. Evaluation of exposure to Toxic Vapors
Enclosure volume, V
Volatile concentration, C
(mass/volume)
Ventilation rate, Qv
(volume/time)
Volatile rate out, kQvC
(mass/time)
Equation 9
Evolution/evaporation rate of volatile, Qm
(mass/time)

25. Assumptions
The calculated concentration is an average concentration in the enclosure. Localized conditions could result in significantly higher concentrations; workers directly above an open container might be exposed to higher concentrations
A steady-state condition is assumed; that is, the accumulation term in the mass balance is 0
The non-ideal mixing factor, k varies from 0.1 – 0.5 for most practical situations. For perfect mixing, k = 1

26. Example 3.7 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
An open toluene container in an enclosure is weighed as a function of time, and it is determined that the average evaporation rate is 0.1 g/min. the ventilation rate is 100 ft3/min. the temperature is 80oF and the pressure is 1 atm. Estimate the concentration of toluene vapor in the enclosure, and compare your answer to the TLV for toluene of 50 ppm.

27. Solution Use equation 9 to solve the problem From data given;
Qm 0.1 g/min
Rg ft3.atm/lb-mol.oR
T 80oF = 540oR
Qv 100 ft3/min
M 92 lbm/lb-mol
P 1 atm
k ?
Answer: kCppm = 9.43 ppm
K varies from 0.1 – 0.5, therefore Cppm may vary from 18.9 – 94.3 ppm. Actual vapor sampling is recommended to ensure that TLV is not exceeded

28. Estimating the vaporization rate of a liquidQm Qm
Open Vessel
Chemical Spill
Volatile Substances

29. General expression for vaporization rate, Qm (mass/time):
M Molecular weight of volatile substance
K mass transfer coefficient (length/time) for an area A
Rg ideal gas constant
TL absolute temperature of the liquid
Equation 10

30. For most cases, Psat >> p;
The equation is used to estimate the evaporation rate of volatile from an open vessel or a spill of liquid
Equation 11

31. To estimate the concentration of volatile in enclosure resulting from evaporation of a liquid;
K gas mass transfer coefficient
Equa. 11 used in Equa .9
Equation 12
Most events, T = TL
Equation 13

32. Estimation of K, gas mass transfer coefficient;
a constant
D gas-phase diffusion coeeficient
Equation 14

33. To determine the ratio of the mass transfer coefficient between species K and a reference species Ko;
The gas-phase diffusion coefficients are estimated from the molecular weight, M of the species;
Equation 15
Equation 16

34. Combined equation 15 & 16, simplified;
Kwater 0.83 cm/s
Equation 17

35. Example 3.8 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
A large open tank with a 5-ft diameter contains toluene. Estimate the evaporation rate from this tank assuming a temperature of 77oF and a pressure of 1 atm. If the ventilation rate is 3000 ft3/min, estimate the concentration of toluene in this workplace enclosure.

36. Evaluation of exposure during vessel filling operations
For this case, volatile emissions are generated from 2 sources:
Evaporation of a liquid, (Qm)1
Displacement of the vapor in the vapor space by the liquid filling the vessel, (Qm)2
Therefore, the net generation of volatile;
(Qm) = (Qm)1 + (Qm)2
Equation 18

37. Vapor
Liquid
Volatile in
Vessel
Total Source = Evaporation + Displaced Air
Evaporation

38. rf constant filling rate of the vessel (time-1) v density of the volatile vapor
Equation 19
Equation 20

39. Hence, the net source term;
Equation 20
Equation 21

40. Problem 3.24 (Crowl & Louvar, 2002)
55-gallon drums are being filled with 2-butoxyethanol. The drums are being splash-filled at the rate of 30 drums per hour. The bung opening through which the drums are being filled has an area of 8 cm2. estimate the ambient vapor concentration if the ventilation rate is 3000 ft3/min. the vapor pressure for 2-butoxyethanol is 0.6 mm Hg under these conditions. 2-butoxyethanol chemical formula: HOCH2C2HOC4H9

41. Solution:

42. Appendix A

43. Appendix B Conversion of Fahrenheit (°F) to Rankine (°R) 1st step
Convert Fahrenheit to Celcius
2nd step
Convert Celcius to Kelvin
3rd step
Convert Kelvin to Rankine