1. History of Psychology

2. Ancient Egypt
Egypt showed evidence of brain surgery as early as 3,000 B.C. in papyrus writings found in Egypt. “Brain,” the actual word itself, is used here for the first time in any language
The treatment was used for mental illnesses, epilepsy, headaches, organic diseases, neuropathy treatment, osteomyelitis, and for head injuries.
Brain surgery was also used for both spiritual and magical reasons

3. Ancient Egypt
The Ebers Papyrus (c BC) mentions both depression and dementia.
Pharaoh Psamtik I tries an experiment. (c. 620 BC)
Psamtik’s experiment was to see if babies instinctively knew the Egyptian language. If they did, he would declare it the original language, and prove the antiquity of Egyptian culture. (They didn’t.)

4. “Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad.”
Ancient Greece
“Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad.”

5. Plato
Introspection

6. Aristotle
Associationism
We seek pleasure, and avoid pain.

7. Hippocrates
“There are in fact two things, science and opinion; the former begets knowledge, the latter ignorance.”

8. Maybe it’s demons!

9. Wilhelm Wundt Structuralism
The elements of consciousness are sensations (objective) and feelings (subjective)
Set up the first laboratory

10. William James Functionalism Mental processes help us adapt
Adaptive patterns become habits

11. Sigmund
Freud

13. Freud’s Theories Much deeper introspection Unconscious motives
Internal conflict
It’s mostly about SEX
Tools we can use:
Psychoanalysis
Hypnosis
Free Association
Interpretation of Dreams

14. Can Cognitive Processes be understood?
Big Argument Time
Can Cognitive Processes be understood?

15. Ivan
Pavlov

16. Pavlov’s Dog

17. The Advent of Classical Conditioning

18. John B Watson Behaviorism Natural Science
We are conditioned by external events.
“Choice” is an illusion.

19. John B Watson
He lost his professorship at Johns Hopkins for having an affair with a subordinate, then became an advertising consultant. He is “King of the Coffee Break” thanks to a Maxwell House campaign he created.

20. B. F. Skinner
Stimulus – Response
Positive & Negative Reinforcement

21. So, how is Operant Conditioning different?
Classical Conditioning relies on the subject to involuntarily react to an association between two events.
“When the bell rings, I will salivate because I expect to get food.” Dog
Operant Conditioning relies on the subject to ACT in a way that will cause a specific result.
“If I sit here quietly, Mr. Woody will like me, and my grade will be better.” Student

22. Operant Conditioning uses…
REINFORCEMENT
Positive: Add something desirable
Negative: Remove something undesirable
SCHEDULES
Fixed or Variable
Ratio or Interval
PUNISHMENT
Positive: Give you something you don’t want
Negative: Take away something you DO want

23. Modern Schools of Thought
PSYCHODYNAMIC
Believes that behavior comes from unconscious drives and conflicts
Studies childhood traumas and unfulfilled wishes for clues to current behavior
Uses analysis, dream interpretation, and other unconscious evidence for information, and self-insight to move toward health

24. The Modern Schools of Thought
BEHAVIORAL
Believes that how we ACT is the key to who we ARE
Wants to study, measure, and figure out the origins of our observable responses to stimuli
Wants to know why we act the way we do, and the best ways to change behaviors that are diminishing our quality of life

25. The Modern Schools of Thought
BIOLOGICAL
Believes that the Brain and Nervous System allow our emotions, memories, and senses
Uses CAT and PET scans to look for evidence, and looks at genes and hormones for clues
Wants to know how the body’s elements produce the unique person we each become

26. Modern Schools of Thought
COGNITIVE
Believes that the way we acquire, process, store, and recall information explains our psychology
Believes our Perceptions, Values & Choices lead to behaviors
Studies our processes and beliefs to understand how we reason and solve problems, as well as why we act the way we do

27. Modern Schools of Thought
HUMANISTIC
Believes that we strive for love, acceptance, and self-fulfillment
Places value on individual experiences, and believes self-awareness is vital to healing
Studies feelings to see if impulses can be controlled, barriers overcome, and potential fulfilled

28. Modern Schools of Thought
SOCIOCULTURAL
Believes that humans are different largely because of social differences
Studies the effects of ethnicity, gender, culture (both large-scale and family), and economics on human thought and behavior

29. Modern Schools of Thought
LEARNING
Believes that our experiences shape our behavior
Believes that learning can be intentional, and that we can use it to shape our behavior and even change our environment
Uses teaching techniques to help clients learn better practices

30. Modern Schools of Thought
EVOLUTIONARY
Believes that human adaptation to our environment has created our behaviors and thoughts
Studies changes that occur in humans over time for clues to the reasons behind our thoughts and behaviors

31. Modern Schools of Thought
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
Gestalt theory developed by George Engel
Believes that the only complete picture of a person must include all of the above ideas

32. Gestalt Think “whole” – it’s German for “shape”
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Problem-solving through
Similarity
Closure
Insight
Learning has purpose!