1. Cells and Water Uintah High School Agriculture Biology!
CHEMISTRY of CELLS
Cells and Water
Uintah High School
Agriculture Biology!

2. UNIT OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the major elements and macromolecules found in living things.
2. Compare the properties and structure of atoms found in living things.
3. Illustrate and explain how small molecules combine to form large molecules.
4. Explain the role of proteins play in cell structure and function.

3. Objectives Continued
5. Hypothesize the relationship between the properties of water to life’s processes.
6. Design and conduct an experiment that demonstrates the importance of water.
7. Explain how water affects agriculture.
8. Compare and contrast how plants and animals acquire and conserve water in a cell.

4. Matter -- anything that has MASS and takes up SPACE
Chemistry of Life
Matter -- anything that has MASS and takes up SPACE
EVERYTHING is made of matter

5. All LIVING and NONLIVING things are made of atoms
Chemistry of Life
Atoms – the SMALLEST particle that can exist and still be considered a certain kind of matter
All LIVING and NONLIVING things are made of atoms

6. Atoms -- have three components
ELECTRONS -- negatively charged
PROTONS -- positively charged; found in nucleus
NEUTRONS -- neutral; found in nucleus

7. The Atom Electrons Nucleus: Protons + charge and Neutrons = charge
Electron Shells (Energy levels)

9. Draw and label an atom in your notebook
Draw and label an atom in your notebook! After get your book stamped by Mr. Wilson!

10. Elements -- a substance that is made of only ONE kind of ATOM
Chemistry of Life
Elements -- a substance that is made of only ONE kind of ATOM
There are approximately 118 at present.
Watch this? tml

12. Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
Number of protons is the atomic number of an element.
Number of protons and neutrons is atomic mass.

13. Periodic Table Info
                                                                                                                                         

14. Types of bonds
Ionic – Bond in which opposite charges attract to on another. a chemical bond formed between oppositely charged species because of their mutual electrostatic attraction

15. Ionic Bond: Salt

16. Covalent Bond
Covalent – A covalent bond is one in which electrons are shared by the two atoms in the bond.

17. Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bond – attraction of polar molecules. In chemistry, a hydrogen bond is a type of attractive intermolecular force that exists between two partial electric charges of opposite polarity. Although stronger than most other intermolecular forces, the hydrogen bond is much weaker than both the ionic bond and the covalent bond.

18. Six elements most abundant in living things are:
Carbon = C
Hydrogen = H
Oxygen = O
Phosphorus = P
Nitrogen = N
Sulfur = S
– Write this in your notebook in the same colors! Then get it stamped!
CHOPNS

19. A way to remember the Nutrients required for plant growth.
C.B. HOPKINS CaFe Mighty good
Closed Monday Morning See You Zen!

20. Elements Essential for Life
Plants:
MAJOR ELEMENTS:
Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S)
Plant:
MINOR ELEMENTS:
Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Chlorine, Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn)

21. Elements essential for Animals
Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Zinc (Zn)

22. Chemistry of Life
Compounds – matter that is made of more than ONE kind of ATOM
Compounds are made by atoms sharing or taking ELECTRONS from the other atoms in the compound

23. Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates

24. Carbohydrates – Sugars and Starches Oh My!
Provide energy
Three Types
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

25. Monosaccharides simple SUGAR contain C6H12O6
GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, AND GALACTOSE

26. Disaccharides
double SUGAR
contain two RINGS
SUCROSE and LACTOSE

27. Polysaccharides complex CARBOHYDRATES made of RINGS of SUGAR
STARCH, CELLULOSE, and GLYCOGEN

28. Proteins STRUCTURE and FUNCTION Made of H, O, C, N Build and repair
Acts as enzymes – speed up reactions!

29. Structure of Proteins Amino Acids – building BLOCKS
20 different kinds – all have the same elements but in different amounts
Polypeptides – chains of AMINO ACIDS Joined by peptide bonds
Proteins – chains of POLYPEPTIDES
Used to make SKIN, HAIR, MUSCLE, ORGANS, etc.

30. Proteins and Cell Structure
1. Cell membrane contains protein molecules.
2. Protein molecules help substances move into and out of the cell.
Function
1. Produced on ribosome's.
2. Used to build body parts and cell membranes
3. Used in formation of nucleic acids.

31. Lipids FATTY molecules used to store ENERGY
Made of long chains of H & C followed by COOH
Do not DISSOLVE in WATER
Lipids have less OXYGEN than carbohydrates
Examples of Lipids are: FATS, OILS, AND WAXES
LIPIDS HAVE MORE ENERGY PER GRAM THAN CARBS AND PROTEINS

32. Lipids

33. Nucleic Acids Store INFORMATION that controls CELL activities
Made of a PHOSPHATE a SUGAR, and a BASE.
Examples of Nucleic Acids are: DNA and RNA

34. Inorganic has no C Carbon!
Inorganic Compounds
Water ( H2O ) – each molecule is made of two HYDROGEN atoms and one OXYGEN atom
Inorganic has no C Carbon!

35. Properties of Water
Cohesion – the polarity of water molecules causes them to cling to one another like magnets. Water flowing from a faucet.

36. Example of Cohesion
Cohesion explains why insects and spiders, such as this tarantula can rest on the water’s surface.
How does the tarantula’s physical structure help it to stay afloat?

37. Properties of water
Adhesion – water molecules that are attracted to another surface. i.e.: water droplets stick to your skin after a shower.

38. Properties of Water
Adhesion is an attraction of between molecules of different substances.
Adhesion between water and glass causes water to rise against the force of gravity. This is known as capillary action.
Capillary action is one of the forces that draws water out of the roots of a plant and up into it stems and leaves. Cohesion holds the column of water together as it rises.
Water is the universal solvent! It can dissolve, break down everything in enough time!

39. Examples of Cohesion &Adhesion
Clear off desk tops.
Place a teaspoon full of water on your desktop.
Observe the following:
Cohesion – water molecules sticking together
Run finger through water and observe:
Adhesion of water to desktop and finger.
Get a paper towel and clean up desk

40. The Water Molecule

41. Importance of Water
Living things are made of many different atoms that are organized into thousands of different compounds. Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. However, organisms also contain water, a compound that does not contain carbon.
Approximately 70% of body mass is water.
Water acts as a transport system for nutrients and wastes.
Compounds that dissolve in water form solutions.

42. Why is water so important to agriculture?
At least 75% of animal body mass is water
Plants contain 70-80% water
Transports nutrients and wastes

43. Why is water so important to agriculture?
Dissolves compounds -- “Universal Solvent”
Regulates body temperature in animals
Provides structure for plants

44. Conservation of Water Fix leaks Use sprinkler irrigation
Save Clean Water
Dispose of products carefully
Care for farmland, lawns and gardens carefully
Practice sensible pest control
Take shorter showers
Fix leaks
Use sprinkler irrigation

45. Control runoff from fields, feedlots, lawns and gardens
Conservation of Water
Control runoff from fields, feedlots, lawns and gardens
Control soil erosion
Avoid spillage or dumping of chemicals, oil, fuel, etc.
Proper control of sewage

46. Diffusion
The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

47. Diffusion - the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration.
When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM
Concentration gradient - a difference between concentrations in a space.

48. exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell.
OSMOSIS
Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, usually through a cell membrane.
Cell membranes are completely permeable to water, therefore, the environment the cell is
exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell.

49. Types of Solutions
Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.
Hypertonic

50. Hypertonic Example
Which one is hypertonic?

51. Types of Solutions
Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.
Hypotonic

52. Which on is hypotonic?

53. Types of Solutions
Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute as an another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic.
Examples: 1/Cells/Osmosis.htm

54. Isotonic example Isotonic: Water in = Water out
No net movement of water.
Molecules in equilibrium.
Normal state for animal cells.
Cell in homeostasis.

55. In your lab notebook! Create a table such as? Record this equation:
Cell #
Initial mass (g)
Final mass (g)
Percent change of mass 1 2 3
Record this equation:
Percent change in mass = Final Mass – Initial Mass X 100
Initial Mass

56. In your note book
Make a prediction and hypothesis for each cell. (what do you predict will happen to each)

57. Water in plants
Turgor Pressure - Force exerted outward on a cell wall by the water contained in the cell. This force gives the plant rigidity, and may help to keep it erect.

58. Stoma
Stomata – tiny openings on the underside of plant leaves and stems. They control water loss in plants (Transpiration) take in CO2 and release O2.

59. The effects of osmotic pressure:

60. Methods of transport through a cell
Passive or Active Transport:
Passive
Active
Passive Transport does not require cell energy
Active Transport Requires cell energy (ATP)
Examples: Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis
Examples: Carrier mediated active transport, Endocytosis and Exocytosis

61. Facilitated Diffusion
Uses transport/channel proteins.
Passive transport.
·    Usually for specific molecules such as glucose.
·    Facilitated diffusion stops at equilibrium.

62. Active Transport: requires energy in the form of ATP.
·    Capable of moving solute particles against the conc. gradient (from low conc. to high conc.)
·    Uses transport/carrier proteins (protein pumps) embedded in the plasma membrane.
·    Carrier proteins are specific for the molecules that they allow through. The carrier protein changes shape which requires energy (ATP).

63. More Active Transport
Endocytosis: a process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane (usually putting them into a vacuole).
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-Mediated
-“Cell Drinking”
-Nonspecific molecules
-Intake of small droplets of liquid
-“Cell eating”
-Intake of solids
Specific Molecules
1.   Molecule binds to receptor protein
2.   Complex migrates to “coated” pit
3.   Pit pinches off forming a vacuole
Types of Endocystosis:

64. Last Active Transport
Exocytosis: a process in which the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.

65. Now have Wilson show you the video animation of endocytosis and exocytosis.
The End!