1. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY (PP I)
Dr. Mohammed Qasim
Module Moderator of Principles of Pharmacology
Dept. of Pharmacology
Baghdad College of Medicine
Respected c

2. Learning Objectives At the end of my lecture you should be able to
Define the terms used in Pharmacology, including Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics
List the different nomenclature of drugs on certain bases
Give a brief description about what we will learn in pharmacology module
Know how to chose an ideal drug therapy for treatment

3. (Greek “Pharmacon” – drug, “logos” - teaching)
PHARMACOLOGY
(Greek “Pharmacon” – drug, “logos” - teaching)
The science that studies the interaction of the chemical substances with live organisms, drugs administration for treatment and prophylaxis of various diseases and pathological processes

4. Four Basic Terms:
1. Drug: any chemical that can affect living processes
2. Pharmacology: the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
Physical and chemical properties
Biochemical and physiological effects
Knowledge of the history, source, and use of drugs
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
3. Clinical Pharmacology: study of drugs in humans (patient and volunteers)
4. Therapeutics: use of drugs to diagnose, prevent and treat illness (and/or pregnancy)= medical use of drugs

5. Brand – original drug which is defended by patent and may be produced during patent term only by this pharmaceutical firm
Generic – when term of patent is discontinued the drug may be produced by different pharmaceutical companies under new product (trade) names but at the basis of original active substance (similar quantity, route of administration etc.)
All generics are much more cheaper compared to brands, that is the main reason – why they are so popular among the patients

6. Names of Drugs
The generic name: is given for the drug to being official name.
The official (scientific)name: is the name under which its listed in one in the official publication.
The chemical name: is the name by which the chemist knows it.
The trade mark or brand name (proprietary name) : is name given by the drug manufacture
Example: hydrochlorothiazide (official name).
Esidrex (brand name)

8. SE (side effects) and complications of drugs
people in U.S.A. die from side effects of drugs annually
76,6 billion $ are spared in U.S.A. annually to treat complications attached to drugs usage
Take 5th place among causes of mortality on the Earth after cardiac-vascular diseases, malignant tumors, lungs diseases, traumas

9. Medical mistakes in clinics
- overdosing
- administration of drugs to patients with allergy
- mixing up names of the drugs

10. Thalidomide (katergan)
focomelia
Thalidomide (katergan)

11. Definitions
Pharmacology: is a science that studies the effect of the drugs on the body.
Pharmacopeias: are the total of all authorized drugs available within the country.
Medication: is a substance administered for diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention.
Prescription: the written direction for the preparation and the administration of the drug.

12. The therapeutic effect: is the primary effect intended that is the reason the drug is prescribed such as morphine sulfate is analgesia.
Side effect: secondary effect of the drug is one that unintended, side effects are usually predictable and may be either harmless

13. Drug toxicity: deleterious effect of the drug on an organism or tissue, result from overdose or external use.
Drug allergy: is immunological reaction to a drug.

14. Drug interaction: occur when administration of one drug before or after alter effect of one or both drug.
Drug misuse: Is the improper use of common medications in way that lead to acute and chronic toxicity for example laxative, antacid and vitamins.

15. Drug abuse: is an inappropriate intake of substance either continually or periodically.
Drug dependence: is a persons reliance on or need to take drug or substance there are two type of dependence:

16. There are two type of dependence:
Physiological dependence: is due to biochemical changes in the body tissue these tissue come to require substance for normal function.
Psychological dependence: is emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a sense of wellbeing accompanied feeling of need.

17. Drug habituation: denotes a mild form of psychological dependence.
Illicit drug: also called street drug are those sold illegally.

18. basic concepts of Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics: is a bout how the body deal with drug.
Pharmacodynamics: is effect of drug on the body.
Pharmacotherapeutics: is a clinical using of drug.
Pharmacognosy: The study of natural (plant and animal) drug sources.

19. PHARMACOKINETICS
THE PART OF PHARMACOLOGY THAT CONCERNED WITH THE ABSORBTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM (BIOTRANSFORMATION) AND EXCRETION OF DRUGS WHAT THE ORGANISM DOES TO THE DRUGS

20. PHARMACODYNAMICS THE PART OF PHARMACOLOGY THAT CONCERNED WITH THE
BIOCEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION
IT INCLUDES THE DOSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP, FACTORS MODIFYING DRUG EFFECTS, DOSAGE, DRUG TOXICITY
WHAT DRUGS DO TO THE ORGANISM

21. ONSET – the period between the moment of drug introduction to the organism and the beginning of its action
DURATION OF DRUG ACTION – the period then specific effects of the drug are maintained
WIDENESS of therapeutic action (therapeutic window) – the distance between minimum therapeutic and minimum toxic doses of drug

22. Properties of Ideal Drug
Effectiveness:
A drug that elicits the response it was meant to. It is the most important property. No effect=no justification of use (FDA(food and drug administration) approved with appropriate experiments).
Safety:
Pharmakon= poison in Greek
Safe even at high concentrations and for long periods of administration (no such thing as a safe drug)
Reduced by proper administration (iv, ip, im, sc, etc…)
No habit forming aspects
No side effects ( excessive dosage of opioid analgesics carries a risk of respiratory failure, cancer drugs increase infections,aspirin causes gastric ulcer etc…)

23. Properties of Ideal Drug
Selectivity:
One that elicits only the response for which it is given
Selective for specific reaction with no side effects (there is no such thing)
Drowsiness can be caused by antihistamines
Morning sickness, cramps, and depression can be caused by oral contraceptives
Constipation, urinary hesitance, and respiratory depression can be caused by morphine

24. Additional Properties of Ideal Drug (no drug is ideal!)
1. Reversible action
2. Predictability
3. Ease of Administration
4. Freedom from drug interactions
5. Low Cost
6. Chemical Stability

25. Therapeutic Objective
To provide maximum benefit
with minimum harm
Factors that determine Intensity of Response
Administration- dosage size and route
Pharmacokinetic processes
Pharmacodynamics
Individual Variations

26. Therapeutic Objective
1. Administration- dosage size and route
- Because of errors in administration routes and dosage and at wrong time there are many discrepancies in what patient gets and could cause more harm than good
- Errors could be made by pharmacists, physicians, or nurses
- Should give patients complete instruction about their medication and how to take it
2. Pharmacokinetic processes
- Determines how much of an administered dose gets to its sites of action
1) drug absorption
2) drug distribution
3) drug metabolism
4) drug excretion

27. Therapeutic Objective (continued)
3. Pharmacodynamics
Once a drug has reached its site of action, pharmacodynamic processes determine the type of response and intensity
-Drug must first bind to its specific target site at (RECEPTOR) that may be a chemical, a protein on a cell or in blood or tissue spaces, or on a bacteria or virus (i.e., heparin, antibody, leukotriene receptor (new), penicillin, etc…)
-Followed by a sequence of events that result in response (inhibition of clotting, inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis, inhibition of inflammation, blocking of virus, etc…).
- Functional state of the patient is also important- Tolerance to morphine will cause less of a response & placebo effects may help determine response

28. Therapeutic Objective (continued)
4. Sources of individual variation
Each patient is unique in ability to respond and to how they each respond, but formation of “IDEAL DRUG” will lessen this variation
Age- very important factor
Sex- due to hormonal differences
Weight- less effective and longer lasting in obese individuals (storage in fat)
Kidney & liver functions - elimination of drug
Genetic variables- tolerance, allergy (though not always genetic)