1. Chpt. 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

4. Macromolecules (large molecules):
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Polymers (many parts)
constructed of Monomers

5. Connecting Monomers- Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

6. Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

7. Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis- joining monomers
loss of water molecule
Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

8. Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis- joining monomers
loss of water molecule
Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

9. Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis-
this takes energy
Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
(reaction occurs b/c of enzymes)

10. Breaking apart polymers
Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

11. Breaking apart polymers
Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)
Adding water molecule
Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

12. Breaking apart polymers
Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)
Adding water molecule
Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

13. Breaking apart polymers
Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)
Adding water molecule
Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

14. Breaking apart polymers
Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)
Adding water molecule
Hydrolysis-
Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule

15. Macromolecules (large molecules):
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

16. Carbohydrates-
Function = fuel
Structure = 3 types:

17. Carbohydrates- structure:

18. 1) Monosaccharides
Single Sugar molecule = structure

20. Monosaccharides
fuel for cellular use = function ex. glucose

21. Monosaccharides BTW: form rings in aqueous solution Single Sugar
Fuel for cellular function
BTW: form rings in aqueous solution

22. Monosaccharides -
Multiple of CH2O
ex. C6 H12 O6

23. Monosaccharides -
ALDOSE - C=O-H from end
KETOSE- C=O off middle

24. 2) Disaccharides

25. 2) Disaccharides
two sugar monomers = Structure (joined by a glycosidic linkage
via. dehydration synthesis)

26. 2) Disaccharides

27. 3) Polysaccharides
many monomers = structure

28. Polysaccharides Functions: energy storage starch (plant)
glycogen (animal)

29. Polysaccharides Functions:
Structural/ support polysaccharides = cellulose chitin

31. Do you see the difference?

33. Macromolecules (large molecules):
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

34. Lipids-
Types:
Fats
Phospholipid
Steriods
hydrophobic

35. Why are these molecules hydrophobic
???????????????????

36. Lipids- (hydrophobic)
1) Fats - functions:
-energy storage
-insulation / cushion

37. Fats- structure 1 Glycerol (alcohol) + Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic
Energy storage
Cushion

38. Fats- structure 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +3 fatty acid chains
Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic
Energy storage
Cushion
+3 fatty acid chains

45. Types of Lipids:
2) Phospholipids-
1 Glycerol (alcohol) +

46. Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids-
1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains +

47. Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-
1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

48. Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-
1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

49. Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-
Phosphate group = hydrophilic
Cell membrane
Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic

50. Hydrophilic
head
WATER
WATER
Hydrophobic
tails

51. Types of Lipids: 3) Steroids
C-skeleton = 4 fused rings + functional group
cholesterol, sex hormones, sheath of neurons

52. Macromolecules (large molecules):
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

53. Amino Acids H
amino group
carboxyl C R
20 types

54. Proteins-
Structure = one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids

55. Proteins-
one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids

56. Amino Acids 20 types H C R Determined by various side chains
amino group
carboxyl C
Determined by various side chains R
20 types

57. Amino Acids

58. Evolutionary Significance
All living things use various combinations of the SAME twenty amino acids. A VERY POWERFUL bit of evidence for the connection of all living things!

59. Proteins-
functions = support, storage, signaling, transport of substances, signaling, enzymes.

60. Proteins- 4 levels of structure
1) Primary- precise, linear sequence of amino acids.
amino -    - carboxyl group group

61. Sequence of a.a. determines HOW the protein works
Form follows function

62. Nonpolar Glycine (Gly) Alanine (Ala) Valine (Val) Leucine (Leu)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Nonpolar
Methionine (Met)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Proline (Pro)

63. Polar Serine (Ser) Threonine (Thr) Cysteine (Cys) Tyrosine (Tyr)
Asparagine (Asn)
Glutamine (Gln)

64. Electrically charged Acidic Basic Aspartic acid (Asp)
Glutamic acid (Glu)
Lysine (Lys)
Arginine (Arg)
Histidine (His)

66. Proteins: 4 levels of structure
2) Secondary- folded portions of chain/H-bonds
-Alpha helix (coil)
-Beta helix (pleated sheet)

68. Abdominal glands
of the spider
secrete silk
fibers that form
the web.
The spiral strands
(capture strands) are
elastic, stretching in
response to wind,
rain, and the touch
of insects.
The radiating
strands, made
of dry silk fibers,
maintain the
shape of the web.
Spider silk: a structural protein
Containing b pleated sheets

69. Proteins- 4 levels of structure
3) Tertiary-
-3-D
-bonding between side chains (3 types)

71. Proteins- 4 levels of structure
4) Quaternary-
-several polypeptide chains

72. insulin

73. Catalase - we will use this in our lab!

75. Normal cells are Fibers of abnormal full of individual
Red blood
cell shape
Red blood
cell shape
Red blood
cell shape
Normal cells are
full of individual
hemoglobin
molecules, each
carrying oxygen.
Red blood
cell shape
Fibers of abnormal
hemoglobin deform
cell into sickle
shape.
Normal cells are
full of individual
hemoglobin
molecules, each
carrying oxygen.
Fibers of abnormal
hemoglobin deform
cell into sickle
shape.

76. Normal hemoglobin
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Primary
structure
Primary
structure
Exposed
hydrophobic
region
Secondary
and tertiary
structures
Secondary
and tertiary
structures
b subunit
b subunit
Quaternary
structure
Normal
hemoglobin
(top view)
Quaternary
structure
Sickle-cell
hemoglobin
Function
Molecules do
not associate
with one
another; each
carries oxygen.
Function
Molecules
interact with
one another to
crystallize into
a fiber; capacity
to carry oxygen
is greatly reduced.

77. Nucleic Acids-
DNA
RNA
Programs ALL cellular function

78. Nucleic Acids-
Composed of: nitrogenous base, Carbon sugar, phosphate group
= NUCLEOTIDE

81. Pyrimidines- (T,C, U) Purines-(A,G) Nitrogenous Bases-
bases are complementary: