1. Europe and Russia
Human Geography

2. Physical features cause cultural barriers…

3. Subregions of Europe

5. Regions of Europe Eurozone?
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

6. Regions of Europe Schengen Area?
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

7. Let’s clear something up
Great Britain is an island that includes
England
Scotland
Wales
United Kingdom is the name of a country
Includes:
All on the island of Great Britain
Northern Ireland.
United
Kingdom
Island of

8. Introduction Different climates, landforms, agricultural output
Europe is diverse
Different climates, landforms, agricultural output
37 different countries
Many different languages and cultures
Long history of warfare, mostly along national lines
Europe is globalizing, was a major colonial power
European Union, a supranational organization
Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia broke up; Germany is reunited
Beginning of the Industrial Revolution
Center of 19th century imperialism
What is imperialism?

9. The European Realm (culture region of influence)
Results of: classical civilizations, Christianity, the Renaissance & Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions.
Industrial Revolution started here:
This greatly altered many kinds of relationships in the world. The various countries within the realm have a history of interaction among themselves.
Has been highly influenced by “Western Culture”

10. Themes of Geography: Factors to Europe’s Historical Success
Place: climate conducive to production
Location: access to major waterways, centrally located (hearth)
Human Environment Interaction: abundance of coal and iron ore (makes steel!) >>>
Movement: maritime dominance, imperialism (What is imperialism?)

12. Supranationalism European Union Began as European Economic Community
Mission: common foreign policies and mutual security agreements, greater economic integration and common currency
Began as European Economic Community
(EEC), Stronger in 1994
10 new members
joined, 2004
Turkey and Romania want to join but have faced resistance. Why?
Conflict in Ukraine? Russia vs. EU

13. Why do states cooperate (or not)?
SUPRANATIONALISM
When 3+ states forging associations for mutual benefit and pursuit of shared goals, but give up some autonomy in doing so.
States seeking common economic, political, and cultural ground by joining unions created to benefit participants and disadvantage others Leads to the creation of other supranational orgs for those left out
Most successful example: EU??
DEVOLUTION
The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy.
The disintegration of a state along regional lines
Propelled by forces that divide and destabilize
Examples: Former Czechoslovakia and Scotland

14. TIME OUT! Turn to a partner and answer these questions together…
Explain what the European Realm is and what has influenced it?
Analyze what has contributed to Europe’s historical success.
What are the purposes of the European Union?

15. Settlement and Population
Population Density in the Core and Periphery
- 523 million people in Europe (more than half a billion)
- Highest densities (lots of people in smaller area) located in historic industrial core (England, Netherlands, N. France, N. Italy, Western Germany)

16. Settlement and Population
The Landscapes of Urban Europe
Europe is highly urbanized
75% of population live in urban settlements (cities); 90% of the people in the UK and Belgium live in urban areas.
Less than 20% of population engages in agriculture
Import a lot of food

17. Mediterranean Agriculture
Where: areas surrounding the Mediterranean,
Climate has summer dry season. Landscape is mountainous.
Highly valuable crops
olives, grapes, nuts, fruits and vegetables; winter wheat

18. Settlement and Population

19. Europe has been able to sustain primate cities due to their long history of development, small country sizes, and quick access to highly developed neighboring countries

20. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

21. Compared to U.S.
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

22. Types of boundaries Fragmented state??? Examples in Europe?
Exclave: a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
Kaliningrad: annexed by USSR after WWII, today is naval base for Russia as well as a strategic trade and business center for relations with EU countries.

23. Types of boundaries
Religious Boundary
Examples?
Language Boundary

24. Types of settlements
Micro-states: states (countries) with very small land area
Monaco, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Malta
City-state: a sovereign state that comprises a town and surrounding countryside
Athens in Ancient Greece

25. Settlement and Population
Natural Growth: The Demographic Transition Model
Europe continues to experience slow natural growth (birth rates lower than or almost equal to death rates What stage is this? New Stage?
Immigration prevents population decline…
Where have we seen this?
Causes?
Effects?

26. Europe’s Population Implosion
Shrinking population rather than a growing population – below Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Reaction to urbanization and the expense of raising children in urban/industrial societies
fertility rates in some countries have dropped below 2.1
Industrialization and urbanization usually move a country to the fourth stage of the demographic transition

27. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

28. TIME OUT! Let’s answer these questions together…
Where do most people live in Europe?
What does high-density population mean?
What 2 countries have highest urban populations?
What stage of the DTM is most of Europe in? Why?
What are causes and effects of this?

29. Migration into Europe
Immigration has increased because of job opportunities
Europeans take mostly higher level, skilled jobs…leave lower level, physical labor jobs.
EU working to establish common immigration policy throughout region
Guest workers – migrant workers from other countries
Germany has large immigrant population
Additional migration from Eastern to Western Europe in the 1990’s (after what?)

30. EU facilitates movement of workers to developed Areas – problem in economic downturn

31. Let’s read about a specific case study on immigration in Germany!

32. Migration Migration to and Within Europe Causes? Effects?
Growing resistance to unlimited migration
Scarce jobs should go to Europeans first
Concerns about international terrorism
Frustration with immigrants not integrating
Concern about dilution (?) of national culture

33. Social services of Europe
Government services
Education
Public medical & health care (almost all European)
Retirement
Europe's Generous pension systems France recently raised the retirement age from 60 to 62 and the pension age, which determines when people can begin accessing their pension funds, from 65 to 67. The French government says it can no longer afford the earlier retirement and pension ages. France is not the only country facing a budget crunch partially because of its generous pension system, coupled with an aging population and a struggling economy. Across Europe, home to many of the world's most generous national pension systems, countries are struggling to afford this staple of the welfare state. 
WHAT IS A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS???

34. Religion The Schism Between Western and Eastern Christianity
Division in 1054 of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches
Greek missionaries refused to accept Roman Catholic hierarchy and rule by Roman bishops
16th century Protestant Reformation, break from Catholic church in Northern Europe

35. Religion
Hierarchical religion: has a well-defined geographic structure and organized territory into local administrative units
Catholicism
Autonomous religion: highly self-sufficient, interaction among communities is confined to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas
Islam, Protestantism (Baptist)
Easy for universalism and conversion

36. Religion Europe is becoming a secularized society
Secularization: movement away from traditional organized religions
Roman Catholicism (250 million Roman Catholics)
Southern and parts of Eastern Europe, Ireland
Protestantism (fewer than 100 million Protestants)
Northern Europe (not Ireland) and Scandinavia
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Balkans, Romania, Russia, and Bulgaria
Judaism (diaspora; history of empires exiling Jews from their homeland migrated to settlements)
Balkans, Eastern Europe

37. Religions of
Europe
(Fig. 8.19)

38. Islam in Europe WATCH THIS VIDEO AND TAKE NOTES >>>
Conflicts with Islam
Currently fastest growing religion in Europe
Migrant population changing religious demographics of Europe
Effects of cultural shift?
WATCH THIS VIDEO AND TAKE NOTES >>>

39. Eastern Europe is Culturally Diverse!
Many different ethnic groups of people all living in the same place
Leads to multiple Languages & Religions
Religion: Major ones are Eastern Orthodox Christians, Catholicism, Islam, and Judaism
Result: = conflict

40. Let’s read about a specific case study regarding ethnic conflict and language in Eastern Europe.

41. Yugoslavia (nationality conflict) Balkan (language conflict)

42. Conflicts over National Identities
In Eastern Europe, there have been frequent conflicts over ethnic identities
Why? Centuries of foreign rule = ethnic groups want to fiercely protect their ethnic heritage
Wanted to become “nation-states”
Fought over who should rule territory
Led to “Balkanization”: process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units

43. Eastern Europe’s economy
Economic Transition in Eastern Europe
Historically, Eastern Europe has been less well developed than Western Europe
Has been under control of outsiders (Ottoman Turks, Germans, Soviet Russians)
Soviet Russians redeveloped Eastern Europe after WWII as communist, slowing down their goal towards development
“A 47-nation 2007 Pew Global Attitudes survey found that, among the seven major world regions included in the study, support for free markets was lowest in Eastern Europe and Latin America.

44. Explain this cartoon!

45. Balto-Slavic language branch
Part of the Indo-European Family
Migration of Slavic speakers created new distinct languages but share common ancestry
Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusan, Polish, Czech, Slovak
Serbo-Croatian? Euroslav?

46. Germanic language branch
Part of the Indo-European Family
German, English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian
Germanic tribes invaded England 1500 years ago and their language evolved into English

47. Language
Isolated language: A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
Basque: only surviving language spoken from before Indo-European speakers (before written language!)
600,000 speakers in Northern Spain and southwestern France
Isolation in Pyrenees Mountains has helped preserve language

48. EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TODAY Europe’s challenges vary.
Western Europe
is one of the wealthiest areas on earth
Progressive approach to environment
Ideas of nationalism are giving way to supranationalism and one currency/economic unit.
Europe must deal with immigrants and resulting political tension, and address political problems in other regions
Eastern Europe
faces very different challenges
Political strife and instability
Economic stagnation
Environmental degradation (pollution)
Eastern Europe wishes to join the west

49. Rise of nationalism in Europe
Economic recession in Europe has led to citizens showing massive discontent with their governments
Often times, other citizens and migrants are also the cause for blame for a country’s downfall
Extremist groups have used this anger to gain support for right and left wing support causing massive protests and riot in the street of Europe.

50. Rise of nationalism in Europe
Nationalism: patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. An extreme form of nationalism is marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.
Xenophobia: intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.

51. HBO Vice
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff