1. Forests in Poland and Europe. Characteristics and management
FILIP LISEWSKI
JEDRZEJ SZLACHCIAK
MICHAL TRZUSTKOWSKI

2. Kinds of forests in Europe:
Coniferous forests
Deciduous forests
Mixed forest

3. Coniferous forests
They are found in particular in a weak soil podzol, here we will observe all sorts species of pine, spruce, larch, as well as the poplar, aspen, birch and mountain ash. Forest fleece is an excellent space for cowberries, heather and bilberries. On account of their dominating kind, we can also divide coniferous forests:

4. Pine dry - how the name is pointing they grow on the dry soil and in them a Scots pine is dominating, forest fleece is nothing else like mosses and lichens,
Pine fresh - here the soil is quite humid, and in forest fleece is dominating heather, cowberries, bilberries, it is possible of theses deciduouses,
Pine-marsh - here peat base is found in a boggy soil, here smaller trees are appearing, and will tumble down we will find mosses above all.

5. Deciduous forests
Types of forests which character is changing oneself equally with the change of the geographical area, i.e. with the climate change. In the moderate zone in which we live, deciduous forests are losing leaves for the winter, however of May very rich nap which in spring again is being developed. In Poland we distinguish different kinds of deciduous forests, and their characteristics depend on the species composition and the humidity prevailing in the forest. Here how they look:

6. Broadleaved forests - forests with the predominating oak, the hornbeam and the clone, seated on the fertile dark brown soil
Alder carr - are covering areas, where the highest levels of groundwaters are. All through the year we are observing marsh base there, where areas periodically are staying flooded
Wetlands - leaf-shaped tree stands, grow on fertile base which partly is being poured, over mainly is appearing by the water, in forest valleys

7. Mixed forest
Above all appearing of pine, oak, larch, spruce, birches, aspens are characterized and of the poplar. These forests grow on brown earths and podzol and what's more we can just most often come across these forests on lowland.

8. Example

9. Coniferous forests
Coniferous forests

10. Deciduous forests
Deciduous forests

11. Mixed forest
Mixed forest

12. Literature
Photography private archive own knowledge