1. Learning Targets for the Day
I CAN identify the theories of Evolution
I CAN understand the significance of studying Evolution in knowing ancient civilizations

2. What inferences can you drawn out of the cartoon?

3. THE STORY OF
MAN

4. STORY OF MAN EXPERIENCES
CULTURE

5. Culture A way of life of a group of people
It must have an environment, organization and common body of thought.

7. The Old Testament in the Bible
Creationism is the belief that the Universe and Life originate "from specific acts of divine creation.

8. Human Evolution
refers to the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans.
The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, embryology and genetics.

9. OLDEST TOOLS have been
discovered in Lake Rudolf,
East Africa
Richard Leakey
Homo 1470
The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind.

10. Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection Theory of Universal Common Descent Every creature on Earth is ultimately descended from a single common ancestor somewhere in the distant past. Natural Selection Organisms had the power to produce fundamentally new forms of life.
8-Sales
Charles Darwin ( )

11. ADAPTATIONS:
1. bipedalism (1.9 million years ago),
2. increased brain size,
3. lengthened ontogeny (gestation and
infancy),
4. decreased sexual dimorphism.

12. The precursors of the modern human being1
The precursors of the modern human being
Humans appeared late in Earth’s history
The earliest ancestors of humans (hominids) diverged from apes about 8 million years ago.
First Europeans: approx. 780,000 years ago

13. The Paleolithic Age Made tools
“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age
1 000,000 BC– 8,000 BC
Made tools
hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans
NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

14. Stage 1
4,000,000 BC – 1,000,000 BC
Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.
Australopithecines
An Opposable Thumb

15. Oldest known australopithecine skeleton was found in Afar, Ethiopia by Donald Johanson, Tim White, and Tom Gray.
3.5 feet tall and may have lived about 4 million years ago.
About 20 years old when she died.
LUCY

16. Stage 2 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” )
found in East Africa.
created stone tools.

17. Oldowan Tool Variety by Dr. Louis Leakey
OLDOWAN TOOLS (left to right): end chopper, heavy-duty scraper, spheroid hammer stone (Olduvai Gorge); flake chopper (Gadeb); bone point, horn core tool or digger (Swartkrans)
8-Arrowsmith

18. Stage 3
1,600,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )
BIPEDALISM
Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology
8- Berchmans
First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.
First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

19. Homo ergaster

20. Homo Florensiensis & Homo Heidelbergensis

21. Other Earliest Men: Java Man- Eugene Dubuois -500 000 yrs ago
-walked erect
-brain larger than ape
Peking Man- W. C. Pei -more upright than Java man
- knows how to use fire

22. Stage 4 Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

23. Brain Size Human vs. Chimp • modern man 1000 - 2000 cc
• chimps cc

24. The first skull The skull of Neanderthal man
Neander valley, German(1856
Made clothes from animal skins
Live in caves and tents. Brain and jaw is large, short and had a long and powerful arms

25. Stage 5 CRO-MAGNONs: Southern France
Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )
Southern France
6 ft tall, well-proportioned face, high forehead and fully developed chin
By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.

26. THEORIES OF MIGRATION
One is the “out of Africa” model which states that homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa and slowly replaced other groups they encountered throughout the world.
The other theory is the multiregional model, which states that development from earlier hominids to modern humans occurred in different locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe at different times.

27. During the last ice age between 100,000 B. C. and 8000 B. C
During the last ice age between 100,000 B.C. and 8000 B.C. the water level in the oceans dropped revealing a land bridge over the Bering Strait connecting Asia and North America

28. Habitat/Map Asia (cold) Europe (cold) Africa (hot)
Australia (hot/cold)
Htttp://

29. Are we still evolving? Microevolution: change in gene frequency - YES
Macro evolution : formation of species - NO

30. The Neolithic Age Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age
10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE
Gradual shift from:
Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

31. The Agricultural Revolution
8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE
Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.
SLASH-AND-BURN Farming
Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia
8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE ,000 BCE

33. Technology in Paleolithic and Neolithic times
Stone: spears, axes. arrows
Sticks: spear heads
Bones: fishhooks
fire
Sickles
Metal tools: copper and bronze

34. Cultural Evolution

35. Exercise 1.4

36. A. domestication of animals
B. people settled near the rivers or bodies of water
C. sedentary lifestyle
D. nomadic lifestyle
E. production of bladed weapons
F. use of crude stone tools for hunting
G. specialization of work
H. use of sharpened stone tools
I. learn to craft jewelry made of
Copper
J. belief in life after death as
manifested through burial
K. hunting-gathering society
L. migration of early man due to lack of food source
M. fishing is the main subsistence
N. invention of more advanced tools for farming
O. formation of a more complex
community
PALEOLITHIC
MESOLITHIC
NEOLITHIC
METAL AGE D F J C G H I A B M E K L N O

37. Cultural Evolution of Man
Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Age of Metals
crude tools of stone (pounding and flaking/chipping)
Sewing animal skins, engraving, carving, painting
Economy was based on hunting & food gathering
Small nomadic communities (lifestyle)
Vague religious ideas (burial)
Gradual domestication of animals
Fishing is the main subsistence
Formation of settled communities (in the rivers and lakeshores)
Taming of wild dogs for hunting and guarding property
Coined by John Lubbock in 1865
Farming, herding, pottery making
Agricultural life
Learned to use animals in dragging their primitive plow in transporting their belongings.
They made better tools -> invention of the grinding tools to sharpen and polish their tools
Art of pottery and baking clay pottery (Specialization of work)
Building of permanent homes (Sedentary lifestyle) – the earliest known villages were found in Jericho (Israel) and Catal Huyuk (Turkey)
Complex societies
Copper for ornamental purposes (Eqyptians , 5,000 BCE)
Bronze (Copper and tin, 2, 000 BCE) used in tools, weapons, and utensils
Iron made by Hittites 1,000 BCE from ore.

38. Thank You