1. Cells and tissues

2. CELLS – the basic unit of living things
CELL THEORY –
1. Cells perform all the vital functions of a living thing.
2. Cells come from other cells.
3. Cells are the basic unit of all living things.

3. Basic Cell Structure NUCLEUS – control center of the cell
PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE – barrier between the cell and its environment.
CYTOPLASM – portion of the cell containing functioning organelles – substance between the nucleus and cell membrane

4. CELL ORGANELLES
MITOCHONDRIA – produces energy – power house of the cell
Ribosomes – produce proteins – located on the er

5. CELL ORGANELLES Endoplasmic reticulum – transport system of the cell
Golgi apparatus (body) – packaging system of the cell

6. CELL ORGANELLES CYTOSKELETON – FRAMEWORK OF THE CELL
CENTRIOLES – CONTROL CELL DIVISION OR MITOSIS

7. Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
TISSUES OF THE BODY
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

8. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Tissue of the body responsible for protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion.
Fit tightly together to form continuous sheets.
ALWAYS have on free (unattached) surface called the apical surface.
Lower surface rests on the basement membrane – connects epithelial to connective tissue below.
AVASCULAR – have no blood supply of their own – depend on diffusion for nourishment

9. EPITHELIAL CELL ARRANGEMENT
Simple – single layer of cells
Stratified – multiple layers of cells

10. TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS – found on surfaces involved in rapid diffusion – ex. Between air sacs of lungs and blood capillaries
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL – common in glands; found within the kidneys and ovaries
SIMPLE COLUMNAR – associated with mucous producing layers in the digestive and respiratory tract
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR – lines the respiratory tract – traps particles and dust

11. TYPES OF STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS – located in areas that receive a lot of friction such as the esophagus and skin surface
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL – rare within the body – located in the mammary glands
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR – rare within the body – located in salivary glands

12. SPECIAL EPITHELIAL TYPES
TRANSITIONAL
GLANDULAR
Forms the inner surface of the bladder – allows for expansion
Forms the secretory layers of the various glands of the body

13. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Tissues of the body charged with protecting, supporting, and binding things together.
Most connective tissue is well vascularized – meaning it has a good blood supply. Exceptions include the tendons and ligaments.
They are made of many different types of cells surrounded by a NONLIVING substance called the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
This matrix is composed of various types of fibers including elastic, collagen, and reticular fibers.

14. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
BONE
CARTILAGE
Cells surrounded by a very hard matrix composed of calcium FIBROUS CONNECTIVE Form rope-like structures – tendons and ligaments BLOOD Contains cells surrounded by liquid matrix
Matrix is more flexible than bone – abundant in joints of the body ADIPOSE TISSUE Tissue specialized to store fat.

15. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscle tissue that forms the muscles attached to the skeleton.
VOLUNTARY
Cells contain STRIATIONS which represent the high protein content of these muscle cells

16. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscle cells that comprise the muscle of the heart.
INVOLUNTARY
Contain STRIATIONS
Contain INTERCALATED DISKS which maintain the rhythm of the heartbeat.

17. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscles the make up the muscular wall of internal organs.
INVOLUNTARY
NON-STRIATED
Slow moving fibers – control a movement called peristalsis

18. NERVOUS TISSUE Comprised of cells called NEURONS
All neurons receive and conduct impulses.
Their cytoplasm can be drawn out into long extensions that can be as long as 3 feet or more allowing them to conduct impulses over a long distance.
Supporting cells support and protect neurons – these are called glial cells.