1. Anatomy & Physiology I
Unit One

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body
It is carried out by a variety of methods and on different levels
~ dissection ~ comparative anatomy
~ palpation ~ gross anatomy
~ auscultation ~ histology
~ percussion

3. Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology is the study of the function of the body
It investigates how the anatomy develops and how it works
It emphasizes cause & effect relationships and mechanisms of action
It is studied on microscopic and chemical levels

4. Organizational Levels of Biology

5. Homeostasis vs. Stress
Homeostasis is the maintaining of a constant internal environment through the function of dynamic physiological regulatory mechanisms
Homeostasis occurs despite fluctuations in the external environment

6. Homeostasis vs. Stress
Homeostasis is maintained due to the intricate and delicate relationships between these regulatory mechanisms
If any of these mechanisms break down, it causes a “ripple effect” which is indicated by becoming sick

7. Homeostasis vs. Stress Examples of homeostasis: + body temperature
+ blood pressure
+ heart rate
+ respiratory rate
+ blood particle levels

8. Homeostasis vs. Stress
Stress is any disruption of homeostasis that threatens physical or emotional well-being
Stress is brought about by the breakdown of regulatory mechanisms

9. Homeostasis vs. Stress Examples of physical stress: + intense exercise
+ infection
+ injury
+ surgery
+ hemorrhage
+ pain

10. Homeostasis vs. Stress Examples of emotional stress: + grief
+ depression
+ anger
+ anxiety
+ guilt

11. Homeostatic Control Stimulus Response Integrating Center Sensor
Effectors
Stimulus
Response

12. Homeostatic Model
Upper Limit
Range
Set Point
Lower Limit
Sensitivity

13. Negative Feedback System
Defends the set point
Reverses the deviation
Produces change in the opposite direction
Dynamic process that maintains stasis

14. Homeostatic Example

15. Positive Feedback System
Opposite of negative feedback
Amplifies the deviation
Action continues in the same direction
If not controlled, this system would cause homeostatic imbalances

16. Body Systems

17. Body Systems

18. Body Systems

19. Body Systems

20. Science
The observation of natural phenomena and the methods used to determine how those phenomena occur
Science is constrained by natural laws, therefore science must be conducted within the realm of these natural laws

21. Science
The scientific method refers to the disciplined creativity, measured observations, logical thinking and honest evaluation of one’s conclusions
There are two basic avenues in which to pursue the scientific method:
~ inductive reasoning
~ hypothetico-deductive method

22. Science
Inductive reasoning is conducted by making large numbers of observations to the point there is confidence in making a generalization
This raises the question of proof
It is better to use the term supported

23. Science
The hyopthetico-deductive method begins with a hypothesis and is conducted through experimentation
Hypothesis – a logical answer for the question formed from observation
An accepted hypothesis is falsifiable

24. Science The hyopthetico-deductive method has four steps: ~ observation
~ hypothesizing
~ experimentation
~ conclusions & reporting

25. Science Variable – any condition of an experiment
Experimental – group that contains the
tested variable
Control – group that does not contain the
tested variable

26. Hypothesis, Theory & Law
Remember – a hypothesis is a logical answer for a question proposed
A theory is a concept in which a general statement or set of statements can be made, based on many accepted hypotheses and their replications

27. Hypothesis, Theory & Law
A law is a concept that has been tested and replicated innumerous times and always has the same results
Therefore in biology most of the generalizations are theories

28. Hypothesis, Theory & Law
Science is based on what can be observed, measured & quantified
Morals, values & religion are based on feelings and beliefs which cannot be measured or quantified