1. Emotion prof elham aljammas oct 2015

2. Emotion:
Is the feeling which are experience in an intense fashion, or feeling states that are aroused by certain actions. Fear, rage, hate, lone all these are motional responses

3. Limbic system
Play an important part in emotion. It composed of the following structures:
Primary olfactory complex.
Sebtal cortex.
Hypocampal gyrus.
Cingulate gyrus.
Subcallosal gyrus.

4. It is closely related to emotion, it is not found in organism lower than mammals.
The instinctive activities of birds as feeding, flying from fear is achieved by limbic system which is build upon Hypothalamic mechanism which direct the organism and led the organism engaged in series of activities depending on its adaptive activities.

5. Any emotion experienced is accompany by a general excitation of autonomic nervous system.
The evidence suggest that emotional reaction depend upon the physiological arousal.
All psychologists classify emotions into those that are pleasant (joy, love) and those are unpleasant (anger, sadness).
Other classification according into intensity provided by emotional term word pairs such
Anger- rage
Sadness- grief.
Fear – horror.
Pain- agony.

6. Brain mechanism in emotion
The central nervous system control the skeletal muscles which is responsible muscular activity.
The autonomic system and endocrine glands control the flow of adrenaline, the acceleration of the heart and other visceral response pattern. The tear in laughter and weeping are controlled by the A.N.S and vocal & facial muscles by C.N.S.

7. There is evidence that the Hypothalamus play a central role in the organization and activation of many types of emotional behaviour.
The limbic system also involved in emotion.
the reticular activating system play a role in emotion.

8. Theories of emotion Jam’s Lang Theory
Stimulus producing emotion Activity of visceral and skeletal muscles (physiological) To brain and causes experience of emotion.
2. Cannon theory
Stimulus producing emotion is perceived
Thalamus which process it
Cortex of brain Visceral & skeletal effects
Experience of emotion

9. 3. Cognitive Theory: include three factors
Stimulus factor.
Cognitive factor.
Physiological factor.

10. Physiological differentiation
The evidence has shown that strong emotion as violence have been associated with the disturbances of the body for this reason an attempt to differentiate emotions on the bases of bodily responses. e.g if the face flushed in anger and pail in fear this would be a convenient way to describe the difference between anger and fear.
These findings on the differences between fear and anger are supported by the study of adrenal medullas of wild animals.

11. The chemical study of the blood has showed that secretion of Nore-adrenaline and adrenaline associated with expression of anger and fear.
Other evidence showed that one pattern of response may be quite consistent within individual but differ sharply from one person to another.

12. Aggression as an emotional reaction
Emotion may causes not only general reaction but also specific action like we may laugh when happy, withdraw when frightened, aggression when angry.
At a social level the significance of aggression, a single aggressive act can produce disaster.
at an individual level many people experience aggressive thoughts and impulses and how they handle these thought will have an effect on their health and interpersonal relations.

13. Aggression as drive الحافز
According to Freud early psychoanalytic theory many of our actions are determined by Instincts particularly sexual instinct, when expression of these instinct is frustrated an aggressive drive is induced or whenever person’s effort to reach any goal is blocked an aggressive drive is induced that motivated behaviour to injure the obstacle person or object causing the frustration.

15. Emotional development
Emotion develops through both maturation and learning the infant is born with the capacity to cry and the capacity to laugh comes through maturation.
The child has to learn not only the occasions for emotion but how to control emotional expression according to patterns considered proper in his culture. The child learn to distinguish among pleasant smile, a gentle laugh and a loud one.

16. Through the study of emotional responsiveness it appears that characteristic forms of emotion as well as many of the actions that indicate emotion to us are essentially inborn and develop without any special learning.