4. Topographic Maps
Topographic Maps: specialized maps which show the highs and lows (relief) of the Earth’s surface

6. Some Important Points Contour lines are circles within circles
Contour lines never cross each other, but they may touch
Contour lines are darker every 5th line and this darkened line will have the elevation printed
Contour lines are not spaced evenly.
The closer the lines, the steeper the slope
The smaller the circle, the closer you are to the top of a hill

7. Definitions:
Field : A region in which similar quantities can be measured at every point or location (ex. temperature in a room)
Isolines: Connect points of equal values on a map
Contour line: Connect points of equal elevation

8. Index contour: A contour line that has elevation noted on it
Index contour: A contour line that has elevation noted on it. Typically a multiple of five or ten (example: 300, 320, etc)
Contour interval: The difference in the height between two contour lines that are next to each other. NOTE: A contour interval shows a difference in vertical height and a map scale shows horizontal distance :

9. Determining the Contour Interval:
(Index Contour 2-Index Contour 1)/
Number of Lines between
Ex.:
(________________)/_____= ________=
______________

10. Parts of a Topo Map
Benchmark a point where the actual elevation is known.
Elevation is shown on the map by the letters BM or the letter “X” and the elevation next to it. (ex. BM 1078 or X1078)
This symbol may also be used:

11. GIANT MTN,
CASCADE MTN
WINDHAM HIGH PEAK

12. Depression contours: shows where the elevation decreases (a hole, volcano crater, etc.)
When reading the depression contour, the elevation of the first one is the same elevation as the regular contour before it. The next depression contour decreases the same amount as the contour interval

14. DRAWING AND LABELING
DEPRESSION CONTOURS:
Depression contours are shown with dashed lines inside of the contour line circles

15. Contour lines
Index contour
benchmark

16. What Happens When a Contour Line Crosses A Stream?
1. When lines cross a stream, they bend making a “V” 2. The “V” points upstream, opposite the direction of flow. EXAMPLE:

17. Slope
Escarpments: Another word for cliff
But how steep is it???
Recall that gradient can be determined by…..

18. Profile: side view of the hill/mountain; drawn by using a contour map and by plotting the elevations of certain points on a vertical axis

19. Making a Profile from a Topographic Map
Lay a piece of scrap paper along the line where the profile is to be constructed.
Make a mark on the scrap paper at the exact place where each contour line, stream and hill top crosses the profile line.
Label each mark with the elevation of the contour it represents.

21. d. On the graph provided, label the horizontal lines with matching elevations, if not already completed for you e. Place the scrap paper with the labeled contour lines at the bottom of the graph and project each contour to the horizontal line of the same elevation. Make a dot at this location f. Connect the dots. g. Round out hills and valleys- do not draw lines straight across

24. Place a paper strip over the line you want to draw a profile of.
Mark clearly each line of contour of your line. 
Below these marks, write down the elevation of each line of contour.

25. Place your paper onto a graph. Copy each point. Connect the dots! EASY!