1. ASAM NUKLEAT
Oleh :
DR. Ir. Joni Kusnadi, MSi.

2. DNA structure. History: 1868 Miescher – discovered nuclein
1944 Avery – experimental evidence that DNA is constituent of genes.
1953 Watson&Crick – double helical nature of DNA.
1980 X-ray structure of more than a full turn of B-DNA.

4. Adapted from the Merck Manuals On-line Medical Library: http://www
Adapted from Molecular Expression (
Animal cells develop to specific cell types in different organs (differentiations). Specific cell types are for specific biological functions (e.g. production and secretion of specific hormones or enzymes).

6. Nucleus

12. Five types of bases.

13. Nucleotides and phosphodiester bond.

14. Complementarity of nucleosides – bases for double stranded helical structure

15. DNA base: thymine (pyrimidine) monophosphate sugar: 2’-deoxyribose
sugar: 2’-deoxyribose 5’ 4’ 1’
(5’ to 3’) 3’ 2’
3’ linkage
base:adenine
(purine)
5’ linkage
no 2’-hydroxyl

16. DNA: terminology nucleoside base phosphate(s) sugar
nucleotides (nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates)

17. DNA: structure DNA is double stranded DNA strands are antiparallel
G-C pairs have 3 hydrogen bonds
A-T pairs have 2 hydrogen bonds
One strand is the complement of the other
Major and minor grooves present different
surfaces
7. Cellular DNA is almost exclusively B-DNA
8. B-DNA has ~10.5 bp/turn of the helix

19. RNA: terminology base sugar nucleoside
Base Nucleoside (RNA) Deoxynucleoside (DNA)
Adenine Adenosine Deoxyadenosine
Guanine Guanosine Deoxyguanosine
Cytosine Cytidine Deoxycytidine
Uracil Uridine (not usually found)
Thymine (not usually found) (Deoxy)thymidine
base
sugar
nucleoside

20. RNA: Structure RNA can be single or double stranded
G-C pairs have 3 hydrogen bonds
A-U pairs have 2 hydrogen bonds
Single-stranded, double-stranded, and loop RNA
present different surfaces

21. Double helical structure of DNA.
A- and B-DNA – right-handed helix,
Z-DNA – left-handed helix
B-DNA – fully hydrated DNA in vivo,
10 base pairs per turn of helix