1. End of 3rd Nine Week Benchmark Test Review Power Point
U.S. History 1877-Present
End of 3rd Nine Week Benchmark Test Review Power Point

2. USII.2a: The Great Plains
1. Physical features and climate of the Great Plains:
Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west
Land eroded by wind and water
Frequent dust storms
Low rainfall

3. USII.2a: The Great Plains
2. Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments.
3. Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” , but a vast area to be settled.

4. USII.2a: The Great Plains
The 8 inventions/adaptations of the Great Plains:
*barbed wire *beef cattle raising
*steel plows *wheat farming
*dry farming *windmills
*sod houses *railroads

5. USII.2b: Advances in Transportation
Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets by:
a. Moving natural resources such as copper and lead to eastern factories.
b. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills in Pittsburgh
c. Transporting finished products to national markets.

6. USII.2b: Advances in Transportation
Three examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population included:
a. Textile in New England (Northeast)
b. Automobile in Detroit (Midwest)
c. Steel in Pittsburgh (Northeast)

7. USII.3a Reconstruction
7. Reconstruction took place after the Civil War. 8. The 13th Amendment banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories. 9. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States.

8. USII.3a Reconstruction continued
10. The 15th Amendment ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color or previous condition of servitude.
11. The14th Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law for ALL citizens.

9. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems
12. Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South.
13. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former enslaved African Americans had achieved.

10. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems
14. Reconstruction policies and problems included:
Southern military leaders could not hold office.
African Americans could hold public office.
c. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement.

11. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued:
d. Northern soldiers supervised the South e. Freedman’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African American in the South. f. Southerners resented northern “carpetbaggers”, who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction.

12. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued:
15. Reconstruction ended with the Election of 1876.
a. Federal troops were removed.
b. Rights that African Americans gained were lost through black codes.

13. USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass
16. The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass created lasting impacts.
17. Abraham Lincoln:
Reconstruction plan called for reconciliation.
Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South.

14. USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued
18. Robert E. Lee:
a. Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight.
b. Became president of Washington College which is now known as Washington and Lee University.

15. USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued
19. Frederick Douglass:
Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights.
b. Had a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all.

16. USII.4a Westward Expansion
20. New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.

17. USII.4a Westward Expansion
21. The 5 reasons for westward expansion:
*Opportunities for land ownership
*Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad
*Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver
*Adventure
*A new new beginning for former slaves, also called Exodusters.

18. USII.4a Westward Expansion continued
22. The Impact on American Indians:
a. Opposition by American Indians to westward expansion (Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo).
b. Forced relocation from traditional lands to reservations (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce’).
c. Reduced population through warfare and disease (Battle of Wounded Knee).

19. USII.4a Westward Expansion continued
d. Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes, e.g. reduction of buffalo population. e. Reduced their homeland through treaties that were broken. f. American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.

20. Westward Expansion (continued)
g. Indian policies and wars
-land set aside for Native Americans called reservations
-last victory for the native Americans: Battle of Little Bighorn
-led his people to Canada to escape living on reservations: Chief Joseph

21. Hope for better opportunities
USII.4b: Immigration
23. Reasons for increased immigration were:
Hope for better opportunities
Escape from oppressive governments
Adventure
Religious Freedom

22. USII.4b: Immigration 24. The 3 reasons why cities developed:
*Specialized industries
-steel-Pittsburgh
-meatpacking-Chicago
*Immigration from other countries
*Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

23. USII.4b: Immigration -Thomas Edison
25. Inventions that created great change and industrial growth in the United States:
*lighting and mechanical uses of electricity
-Thomas Edison
*telephone service
-Alexander Graham Bell

24. USII.4b: Immigration
26. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.

25. USII.4b: Immigration
27. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

26. USII.4b: Immigration
28. Inventions had both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE effects on society.

27. USII.4b: Immigration
29. Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.

28. USII.4b: Immigration
30. Efforts to solve immigration problems included:
*Settlement houses such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams
*Political machines (politicians) that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants

29. USII.4b: Immigration
31. Challenges faced by cities:
*Overcrowded and run-down neighborhoods called tenements and ghettos
*Political corruption by political machines

30. USII.4b: Immigration -Irish
32. Interaction and conflict between different cultural groups:
*Discrimination against immigrants:
-Chinese
-Irish

31. USII.4c: Jim Crow
33. Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction.
34. Racial segregation is:
*based upon race
*directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated

32. USII.4c: Jim Crow
35. “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans. Although these laws were legal in many communities and states, they were enforced primarily in the Southeast region.

33. USII.4c: Jim Crow
36. “Jim Crow” laws were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.

34. USII.4c: Jim Crow 37. African American responses included:
*Booker T. Washington
-believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation
*W.E.B. Du Bois
-believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans

35. USII.4d: Big Business
38. Between the Civil War and WWI, the United states was transformed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

36. USII.4d: Big Business
39. The 4 Reasons for the Rise and Prosperity of Big Business:
*National markets created by transportation advances
*Captains of Industry:
John D. Rockefeller, Oil
Andrew Carnegie, Steel
Henry Ford, Automobile
Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping & Railroads
*Advertising
*Lower-cost production

37. USII.4d: Big Business
40. The 4 factors resulting in the growth of industry:
*Access to raw materials and energy
*Availability of the work force
*Inventions
*Financial resources provided by the
captains of industry

38. *Railroads *Oil *Steel USII.4d: Big Business
41. Examples of Big Business:
*Railroads
*Oil
*Steel

39. USII.4d: Big Business
42. Industrialization and the rise in big business
influenced life on American farms by:
*Mechanization (the reaper) which reduced farm labor needs and increased production
*Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs
*Industrialization provided access to consumer goods, such as mail order

40. USII.4e Progressive Movement
43. The Negative Effects of Industrialization
Child Labor
Low Wages, long hours
Unsafe working conditions
Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms
Placed restrictions on child labor
Reduced Work Hours
Improved safety conditions

41. 44. Rise of organized labor
Formation of Unions: Growth of American Federation of Labor
Strikes: Aftermath of Homestead Strike

42. Increased educational opportunities Attained voting rights
45. Women’s Suffrage
Increased educational opportunities
Attained voting rights
*Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the constitution of the United States of America
*Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s suffrage.

43. 46. Temperance Movement
Composed of groups opposed to the making, sale and transport OR consumption of alcoholic beverages.
Supported the 18th Amendment to the constitution of the United States, prohibiting the making, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages.

44. 47. Reasons for the Spanish American War
American Business Interests in Cuba (sugar)
American support of Cuban Rebels to gain their Independence from Spain
Rising Tensions as a Result of the Sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor
Exaggerated News Reports of Events: Yellow Journalism

45. 48. Results of the Spanish American War
1. America emerged as a world power
2. Cuba gained their independence from Spain
3. The United States gained possession of : The Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

46. 49. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine as a way to prevent European involvement in the affairs of Caribbean/Latin American and South American countries.

47. 50. Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policies and their impact on the United States included the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which states:
Asserted the United States’ right to interfere in economic matters of nations in the Americas
Claimed the United States’ right to exercise international police power (use of military)
Advocated the “Big Stick” Diplomacy (building the Panama Canal)

48. 51. What year did WWI begin?
1914

49. 52. What continent did WWI take place?
Europe

50. 53. What year did the U.S. get involved in WWI?
1917

51. 54. The 4 Reasons why the U.S. got involved in WWI:
1. The inability to remain neutral
2. German submarine warfare; sinking of the Lusitania
3. U.S. economic and political ties to Great Britain
4. The Zimmerman Telegram (sent by Germany to get Mexico to join the Central Powers)

52. 55. The Allies and Central Powers of WWI?
Allies: Central Powers
Great Britain Germany
France Ottoman Empire
Belgium Bulgaria
Russia Austria-Hungry
Serbia
United States

53. 56. At the end of WWI, President Woodrow Wilson prepared a peace plan known as the 14 Points that called for the formation of the League of Nations, a peacekeeping organization.

54. 57. Which country did NOT join the League of Nations?
The United States

55. 58. Why didn’t the U.S. join the League of Nations?
The United States Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

56. Movement to suburban areas
59. The 4 Results of improved transportation brought by affordable automobiles:
Greater mobility
Creation of jobs
Growth of transportation related industries (road construction, oil, steel, automobiles)
Movement to suburban areas

57. 60. The Wright Brothers are known for the invention of the:
Airplane

58. Who was known for the use of the assembly line, automobile, and the rise of mechanization?
Henry Ford

59. 62. 3 Communication changes that occurred during this time:
Increased availability of telephones
Development of the radio and broadcast industry
Development of the movies

60. 63. 4 ways Electrification changed American life:
1. Labor-saving products (washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps)
2. Electric lighting
3. Entertainment (radio)
4. Improved communications

61. 64. What is Prohibition?
Prohibition was imposed by the 18th Amendment that made it illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages.

62. 65. What amendment did prohibition uphold?
Prohibition was upheld by the 18th Amendment
What amendment repealed it?
The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment (reversed it)

63. 66. What are speakeasies?
Speakeasies are places for people to drink illegal alcohol.

64. 67. Who are bootleggers?
Bootleggers were people who smuggled illegal alcohol and promoted organized crime.

65. 68. The 4 Reasons for the Great Migration North and Midwest:
1. Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying
2. African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South.
3. African Americans moved to the North and Midwest cities in search of better employment opportunities.
4. African Americans faced discrimination and violent in the North and Midwest.

66. 69-78. The Cultural Climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s:

67. 79. A state is an example of:
A Political Region

68. Noncontiguous states are states that-
Extra….
Noncontiguous states are states that-
Are NOT connected to the U.S. mainland

69. 80.

70. 81.

71. Study and do your
VERY BEST!