1. Improving food security and livelihoods while addressing enteric methane emissions

2. Livestock – compelling figures
The global landscape – a quick reminder of “why we are here”.
¼ POPULATION OF RURAL DWELLERS
1 BILLION RURAL POOR DEPEND ON LIVESTOCK FOR THEIR LIVELIHOODS
DEMAND FOR PROTEIN AND PROTEIN PRODUCTS ARE INCREASING AS COUNTRIES DEVELOP
INCREASED COMPETITION FOR LAND MEANS WE NEED TO FARM SMARTER ON LESS LAND
LIVESTOCK CONTRIBUTES 14.5% OF GLOBAL EMISSIONS SO WE NEED TO ADAPT AND contributE to the mitigation of climate change,
But also water resources, biodiversity, human health …

3. An aspirational goal… Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13340
Top line: Estimated business-as-usual emissions from agriculture | Bottom line: Maximum amount of emissions from agriculture in a 2°C
Source:

4. For livestock to play its part to achieve these goals we need solutions that:
Consider the whole farm system ….
Regionally specific – ‘fit for purpose’
Low cost/no cost – ‘economically viable’
Readily available – ‘limited barriers to adoption’
Use the emissions intensity metric – enabling development without worrying about absolute emissions
Most important……
Provide a triple win for food security, rural livelihoods and livestock productivity
Packages of measures.
No single solution
Using solutions that are win-win i.e. improve productivity and ensure food security while reducing emissions intensity;
- packages of measures is what is critical - no single response will be enough on its own. Also need to be targeted to the region and the livestock system.
The project is funded by……

5. THE PROJECT…… Regional Workshops to determine the problem
Wide stakeholder engagement
Mobilise networks of scientists to collect data & identify regionally specific measures
Peer review & modelling of measures using GLEAM (life-cycle assessment model)
Feedback to countries

7. OUTCOMES: URUGUAY EXAMPLE
Practices available which have potential to reduce emission intensity by 23% - 47% of the baseline emissions.
Aligns with Uruguay’s INDC commitment: reduction of emission intensity of beef by 33%
Strong synergies with productivity gains and profitability
BUT low rate of adoption…… Why?
NEED to quantify other benefits: carbon sequestration, increased grassland productivity, biodiversity, increased resilience
TESTING on the ground required: to better understand barriers to uptake, costs of implementation,
agro-technologies are location specific, technology targeting in terms of ecological conditions, socio-economic condition of farmers

8. NEED to better understand the economics of mitigation and barriers
KENYA: POTENTIAL FOR DAIRY DEVELOPMENT TO CONTRIBUTE TO ACHIEVING 220 KG TARGET THROUGH IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY
Strong synergies with productivity gains, food security, profitability – mitigation as a co-benefit
Potential to reduce emissions intensity ranges from 11%-49% of the baseline emissions - depending on the intervention adopted
NEED to be tailored to specific farming systems, constraints and opportunities
NEED to better understand the economics of mitigation and barriers
NEED to be tested on the ground
DATA has been used to underpin development of the dairy NAMA
Business as usual emissions in absence of action
Range GHG emissions if identified national policy actions are implemented
% reduction achievable compared to baseline emissions in 2030: -24%
Herd size: 8.6 million dairy cattle
% reduction achievable compared to baseline emissions in 2030: - 59%
Herd size: 4.5 million dairy cattle (current herd size)
Improving the nutritional status of dairy cows
establishment and management of fodder grasses and legumes to improve forage quality and quantity
supplementation of basal diet with leguminous shrubs
supplementation with high protein/energy concentrates
Feed conservation to increase the availability during the dry season
silage and hay making
Improving the health status of the herd
control of tick-borne diseases
Constraints: feed, land, climate, markets, etc.

9. OTHER OUTCOMES….. SRI LANKA: New internal collaborations initiated
Data collated centrally for the first time
Data to be used in the 3rd National Communication Report - information to UNFCCC on emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
Project to test interventions ON FARM
Tier 2 inventory to be initiated
OTHER RESULTS following on from the project:
Ethiopia – World Bank project, NZ Dairy Development project, Bill and Melinda Gates foundation engagement
Bangladesh – World Bank project on carbon
Argentina – Stakeholder discussions to explore links between science & policy

10. CAPTURING IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCTIVITY
SIMPLE: If you can’t measure it, you can’t benefit from any improvements in productivity
A lot of countries still use Tier 1 inventory.
Assumes all animals are the same.
Assumes fixed emissions from all animals
SO no ability to measure changes in emissions intensity over time from improved production
Our experience in countries involved in this project and in others where improvement on animal productivity is the outcome

11. CAPTURING IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCTIVITY
A Tier 2 inventory uses information on the animal’s gross energy or dry matter intake to estimate their actual emissions.
Allows for countries to:
a. reduce absolute GHG emissions without compromising food security,
b. use productivity gains to increase food production but with a lower GHG footprint.
Post Paris (2015), significant demand for assistance with GHG inventories to assist with INDCs and NAMAs, NAPS etc.
Many tools and organizations available to help:
GLEAM-i tool (FAO)
GRA /CCAFS support for advanced GHG inventories