1. ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION. A. Basic concepts. 1
ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION   A. Basic concepts   1. biological sciences a. anatomy b. physiology

2. 2. requirements for life (environment around organism)
a. water
b. food
c. oxygen
d. temperature
e. atmospheric pressure
f. protection from radiation

3. 3. characteristics of life (of the organism)
a. movement
b. metabolism
c. homeostasis
d. responsiveness
e. growth and development
f. adaptation
g. reproduction

4. 4. organization of life a. chemical/molecular level b. cellular level c. tissue level d. organ level e. organ system level f. organism

6. 5. body systems
a. integumentary
b. skeletal
c. muscular
d. nervous
e. endocrine
f. cardiovascular/circulatory
g. lymphatic
h. digestive
i. respiratory
j. urinary
k. reproductive

7. The Integumentary System
Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

8. The Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework for muscles
Blood cells formed within bones
Stores minerals

9. The Muscular System Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

10. The Nervous System Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external changes

11. The Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate Growth
Reproduction
Nutrient use

12. The Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

13. The Lymphatic System Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

14. The Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

15. The Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units
Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

16. The Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

17. 6. body plan
a. anatomical directions
1. superior
2. inferior
3. anterior
4. posterior
5. medial
6. intermediate
7. lateral
8. proximal
9. distal
10. superficial
11. deep
12. parietal
13. visceral
14. ipsilateral
15. contralateral
16. caudal
17. cranial

18. Orientation and Directional Terms

19. Orientation and Directional Terms
digestive
digestive

20. Orientation and Directional Terms

22. b. body planes
1. sagittal
2. transverse
3. frontal

23. c. body regions
1. axial
2. appendicular

24. d. body cavities
1. dorsal
a. cranial
b. vertebral/spinal

26. 2. ventral
a. thoracic
b. abdominopelvic
3. oral/
buccal
4. nasal
5. orbital

28. Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants