1. Chapter 7
ETHNICITY

2. Key Issues Where are ethnicities distributed?
Why do ethnicities have distinctive distributions?
Why do conflicts arise among ethnicities?
Why do ethnicities engage in ethnic cleansing and genocide?

3. Key issue 1-2
WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED, AND WHY DO THEY HAVE DISTINCTIVE DISTRIBUTIONS?

4. Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

5. Race is identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.

6. Classifying according to race can lead to RACISM, which is the belief that race is the primary determining characteristic of human traits and capacities

7. Distribution of persons of color matters to geographers.
One’s skin color can determine WHERE one resides, attends school, spends their leisure time, and other daily activities.

8. The US Census illustrates the complexity of identifying according to ‘race.’
Many of the options listed are more closely related to ethnicity, because they derive from the ORIGIN of the registrant rather than their ANCESTRY

9. People filling out the US Census are asked two identity questions.
One asks them to select one or more options from a list of 15 ‘categories.’

10. The other questions asks whether the person is Hispanic, and if yes, to what Hispanic identity group that person identifies

11. In the 2010 Census-
72% identified as White
13% Black
5% Asian
1% Native American/Alaskan
6% Other
16% identified as Hispanic, 84% ‘Not’

12. The unique distributions of each racial group can be viewed at different scales
Regional
State
City

13. Regional Scale
Hispanics: Clustered in the Southwest
African Americans: Clustered in the Southeast
Asian Americans: Clustered in the West, particularly the Bay Area

14. FIGURE 7-7 DISTRIBUTION OF HIS PANICS IN THE UNITED STATES The counties with the highest percentages in 2010 are in the Southwest, near the Mexican border, and in northern cities.

15. State scale
In most states, more than 90% of African Americans and Hispanics live in urban areas.

16. Urban Scale
African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas, often with distinct distributions visible at the neighborhood level.

17. Chicago South/North Chicago hosts many African Americans
Central Chicago is mostly Hispanic

18. Los Angeles African Americans in south-central L.A.
Hispanics in east L.A.
Asian Americans in south and west L.A.
FIGURE 7-11 DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNICITIES IN LOS ANGE LES According to the 2010 Census, African Americans were clustered to the south of downtown Los Angeles and Hispanics to the east. Asian American neighborhoods were contiguous to the African American and Hispanic areas.

19. HARTFORD

20. The clustering of ethnicities in the US is largely the function of migration dynamics

21. Most African-Americans are descended from people from Africa forcibly brought across the Atlantic as slaves.

22. Different European countries acquired slaves in Africa- Mostly from the West- then sent them to points the Americas.

23. FIGURE 7-13 ORIGIN AND DESTINATION OF SLAVES Most slaves were transported across the Atlantic from West Africa to the Americas.

24. TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE
FIGURE 7-14 TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE

25. Most Asian- and Latin-Americans came to the US voluntarily during the late 20th and early 21st centuries

26. Some Asians and Hispanics were forced to come to America by conflict in their home countries.

27. Latin Americans
Immigration from Mexico and Puerto Rico fueled rapid growth of Hispanics in the United States beginning in the 1970s.

28. Third largest group of Hispanics came to United States from Cuba, mostly after the island’s communist revolution.

30. Asian Americans
Most Asians immigrated to the US during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, chasing economic gain.

31. FIGURE 7-16 ASIAN AMERICANS BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN Chinese, Filipinos, and Indians comprise one-fifth each of Asian Americans in the United China States.

32. African Americans have displayed two distinct internal migration patterns during the twentieth century:
1.) Interregional migration from the South to Northern Cities
2.) Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to the outer city and even into suburban neighborhoods

33. INTERREGIONAL MOVEMENT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS (EARLY TO MID 20TH CENTURY)

34. After achieving their freedom, most African Americans continued to live in the South as SHARECROPPERS, paying high taxes to wealthy landowners.

35. Mechanization of agriculture served as a push factor, while manufacturing jobs in the north acted as a pull factor encouraging African Americans to migrate to northern cities

36. FIGURE 7-18 INTER REGIONAL MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS Migration followed four distinctive channels along the East Coast, east central, west central, and southwest regions of the country.

37. INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS (1970S-PRESENT)

38. Areas came to be known as ‘ghettos.’
African Americans arriving in northern cities clustered in neighborhoods where other African Americans already lived.
Areas came to be known as ‘ghettos.’

39. Over time, black neighborhoods grew outward, radiating from the inner city toward the outskirts.

40. FIGURE 7-19 EXPANSION OF THE GHETTO IN BALTIMORE In 1950, most African Americans in Baltimore lived in a small area northwest of downtown. During the 1950s and 1960s, the African American area expanded to the northwest, along major radial roads, and a second node opened on the east side. The south-side African American area was an isolated public housing complex built for wartime workers in the nearby port industries.

41. This became known as ‘WHITE FLIGHT’
Many whites quickly moved out when blacks began moving in nearby.
This became known as ‘WHITE FLIGHT’

42. St. Louis, MO

43. As whites fled the city, Detroit’s population fell from over 2 million to around 600,000 today .

44. FIGURE 7-20 ETHNIC POPULATION CHANGE IN DETROIT Between 1950 and 2010, the white population of Detroit declined from 1.7 million to 100,000 today, whereas the African American population increased from 300,000 to 600,000.

45. With its tax base nearly erased, Detroit has deteriorated almost beyond recognition.

46. POLICIES OF RACIAL SEGREGATION
United States
South Africa

47. In 1896, the SCOTUS ruled that racial segregation was legal, creating a doctrine called ‘SEPARATE BUT EQUAL.’
Plessy v. Ferguson

48. Southern states quickly enacted a set of laws- commonly referred together as “Jim Crow”- to segregate blacks from whites.

49. From buses to bathrooms, African Americans were forced to use separate- and often inferior- facilities.

50. This continued for fifty years, until the SCOTUS ruled in Brown v
This continued for fifty years, until the SCOTUS ruled in Brown v. Board of Ed. (1954) that legal segregation was unconstitutional.

51. APARTHEID in SOUTH AFRICA

52. They called themselves Boers (farmers) or Afrikaners.
In 1948 Britain pulled out of South Africa, leaving its white minority in firm control over a large black majority.
They called themselves Boers (farmers) or Afrikaners.

53. The Afrikaners set up a system of legal segregation called APARTHEID to keep their minority rule intact.

54. Under Apartheid, a baby was classified as being one of four races- white, black, colored, or Asian- each with specific rights and privileges.

55. This kept them under control and isolated from one another.
Black South Africans were forced to migrate to faraway ‘homelands’ in the East, called Bantustans.
This kept them under control and isolated from one another.

56. After years of international and domestic protest, the Afrikaner government fell in 1991 and Apartheid was repealed.

57. After 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela was elected South Africa’s 1st popularly elected president in 1994.
FIGURE 7-22 APARTHEI D IN SOUTH AFRICA South Africa’s apartheid laws were designed to spatially segregate races as much as possible. This 1984 image of City Hall in Johannesburg shows that whites and nonwhites were required to use separate bathrooms.

58. SOCRATIVE.com
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