1. Stuttering

2. Stuttering
It is a speech/language impairment also noted as a communication disorder that can adversely affect a person’s performance.
It is manifested by a person having lack of fluency in speech, often marked by hesitations or repetitions of sounds or words.

3. Stuttering Characteristics
Facial muscles tense and a struggle to speak
Voice pitch increase and airflow may stop
Prolongation occur (lengthening words/syllables)

4. Stuttering: A Range of Emotions
all the time

5. Teaching Strategies Do Be patient Be a Good Communicator Don’t
Make stuttering something to be ashamed of. Do
Be patient
Be a Good Communicator
Give the student an opportunity to speak during class discussions
Encourage all members of the class to listen without interrupting
Expect the same quality and quantity of work from the student!
Maintain eye contact with the student.
Anticipate areas of difficulty and make instructional adaptations.
Teaching Strategies

6. *Intervention is required!
Identification
Onset usually begins in youth
Preschoolers/Kindergarten
Ages 2-4: begins to talk with mistakes, or disfluencies.
5% recover within 6 months of occurrence.
¾ recover from disfluencies late in childhood.
1% have long-term problems. *Speech pathologist may be consulted
Elementary – Speech frequently consists of repetition and prolongation of words; school work is negatively affected
Stuttering characteristics readily seen - tense, frustrated and child will struggle to speak.
*Intervention is required!

7. 3 Previously held Beliefs
Ancient Rome - Balbus Balaesus stuttered and was barred in a cage for the amusement of travelers who thought the speech was funny!
Jean Marc Gaspard Itard was one of many doctors during the 18th & 19th century that focused on the tongue to cure stuttering. He did things to try to strengthen the tongue muscles; others would cut off the tongue, nerve, lip or neck muscles.
1939 – Dr. Wendell Johnson from the University of Iowa wanted to prove that stuttering was a learned behavior. Dr. Johnson conducted a study on orphans, that some coined The Monster Study, because it turned fluent speakers into lifelong stutterers.
Would it be done today?

8. 3 Mutant Lysosomal Enzymes Found in Chromosome 12
New Medical Research
Stuttering could be a biological disorder
3 Mutant Lysosomal Enzymes Found in Chromosome 12
Genes connected to stuttering: GNPTAB, GNPTG, NAGPA
2010 in Pakistan
3 Research Institutes performed study on over 750 people
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
National Human Genome Research Institute
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

9. Additional Information
American Institute for Stuttering
Only U.S. non-profit organization that offers treatment for those who stutter and also offers clinical training to speech-language pathologists
National Stuttering Association
Largest self-help support organization in the U.S. for people who stutter
Free Spirit Publishing
Book publishing company geared toward self-help books on social and emotional needs of children. A great resource for teachers

10. References
1. Kang, C., Riazuddin, S., Mundorff, J., Krasnewich, D., Friedman, P., Mullikin, J., & Drayna, D. (2010). Mutations in the lysosomal enzyme-targeting pathway and persistent stuttering. The New England Journal of Medicine, 362(8), Retrieved July 10, 2011, from ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source. (Document ID: ).
2. Nippold, M.. (2011). Stuttering in school-age children: a call for treatment research. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools (Online), 42(2), A. Retrieved July 10, 2011, from ProQuest Education Journals. (Document ID: ),
3. Scott, L.. (2009, April). Helping stutterers. The Education Digest, 74(8), Retrieved July 10, 2011, from ProQuest Education Journals. (Document ID: