1. Understanding English Grammar: Chapter 7

2. Business Prayer Announcements / Calendar Test update Grades update
Collect EC & homework (prepcheck)
Hunt’s Ketchup
Diagramming
UEG 7

3. The Test
UEG, Chapters 3 through 6 (nothing directly on the verb expansion rule)
The Mother Tongue, Chapters 5 through 8
Part 1: Common Errors topics
Part 2: Parts of speech identification
Part 3: Diagramming
Part 4: Mother Tongue essay

4. Terms
Nominal: Any structure that functions as a noun phrase normally functions.
“Nominal” is the adjectival form of the word “name” (or “noun”)
Fr. L. nomen “name”
What, for example, does it mean to be a “nominal Christian”?
A form is nominal if it is not really a noun or noun phrase but has the characteristics of one and, hence, functions as a noun or noun phrase (I.e., in one of the sentence pattern slots reserved for an NP).
Nominals: gerunds, infinitives, nominal clauses, interrogatives (indirect questions)
Slots: subject, object (of verbals and prepositions), complement/appositive

5. Terms, cont’d.
Appositive: (fr. L. ad “toward” [ think of “at”] + positus “placed” [think of “position”]; hence, “placed toward [a noun]” or “positioned at [a noun]”)
Renames another nominal: “My best buddy, Rich, lives in Iowa.”
Where is the appositive in the sentence above? How is it functioning in its sentence?
Where do appositives usually appear?
How does an appositive differ from an adjective?
How do we indicate an appositive in a sentence diagram?
What is the relationship between appositives and their “restriction” (or “non-restriction”)?
What, then, are the rules for punctuating appositives?
What is the difference between a NP or modifier in the “appositive” position and one in the “attributive” position?

6. Terms, cont’d.
Gerund: An –ing verb functioning as a nominal: “I enjoy jogging with my dog”; “Running is a good exercise.”
Where are the gerunds in each of the sentences above? How are they functioning in their sentences?
Can you create a sentence with a gerund functioning otherwise?
Fr. L. gerere “to do” (or “manage,” “wage,” or “conduct”); hence, gerund suggests “something that is done” or “an activity.”
How is a gerund like a participle? How are they different? What can we say about the sentence pattern of a gerund?
How does a gerund differ from a progressive verb form?
Her job was selling computers.
She was selling computers.
What tests can you devise to distinguish gerunds from progressive verbs?
(1) reverse the subject/complement order,
(2) replace with a pronoun or “something,” or
(3) replace with “the activity of ,” or
(4) replace with “to . . .” (yields gerund) v. “supposed to ” (yields verb)
What are the three –ing verbal forms? How are each of the three -ing forms diagrammed? Why are they diagrammed as they are?
What is a dangling gerund? Can you give an example? How are they corrected?

7. Terms, cont’d.
Nominal Infinitive Phrase: (to + verb base form) “To remain neutral on the issue is difficult.”
Where is the infinitive phrase above? How is it functioning in the sentence?
Can you create a sentence with a nominal infinitive phrase functioning otherwise?
Why do we need to call it a nominal infinitive phrase? What other types of infinitive phrases are there?
How does an infinitive phrase differ from a prepositional phrase?
What can we say about the sentence patten of infinitive phrases?
How do we diagram nominal infinitive phrases?

8. Commercial break
Taking grammar from Bro. Murray—what it really feels like.

9. Terms, cont’d.
Nominal Clause: (dependent structure of subject & verb) “I believe that jealousy prompted her action.”
Where is the nominal clause in the sentence above? How is it functioning in its sentence?
Can you create a nominal clause functioning otherwise?
Why must we stipulate it as a nominal clause? What other types of clauses are there?
How does a nominal clause differ from a relative clause? How can you distinguish between them?
What can we say about the sentence pattern nominal clauses?
How do we diagram nominal clauses?

10. Terms, cont’d.
Interrogative (what, who, whose, which, where, when, why, and how; aka indirect questions): “What we have here is a problem.” “I wonder what prompted her action.”
What is the interrogative nominal clause in the sentences above? How is it functioning in its sentence?
Can you create a sentence with one of these clauses functioning otherwise?
How do interrogative noun clauses (indirect questions) differ from “true” interrogatives (direct questions)?
What can we say about sentence patterns and interrogative noun clauses?
How do we diagram interrogative noun clauses?

11. Diagramming pp

12. The Everything Game
Pair up and diagram the following sentence; then, identify as much as you can about the form and function of each and every element in the sentence.
“Without a doubt, the first words of a child are a miracle to the child’s parents.”

13. Next class:
Chapters 9 and 10 in The Mother Tongue (prepare summary sheets)
Group B