1. Indus Valley and China
WHAP

2. Indus Valley Civilization
Grew up on the coast of the Arabian Sea, in Pakistan and India
Arose around 2600 BCE
Had a written language, has never been deciphered
Result: not much is known about the civilization
Original settlers filtered down from the mountains as early as 7000 BC
Were herders who became farmers

3. Cities of the Indus

4. Urbanized Civilization
Civilization was very large and heavily urbanized
Built several hundred cities
Largest are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Designs are virtually identical
Probably very tightly unified and politically centralized
Used metal tools and created artwork of high quality
Traded with Mesopotamia?

5. Planned Cities
First sign of Indus Valley civilization discovered in 1856
Systematic excavations began in the 1920s
By 1930s, two identical sites were located

6. Planned Cities Includes: Raised Citadel
Ceremonial and administrative buildings
Grid patterned streets
Streets up to 45 ft. wide
Underground sewage and drainage system

7. Mohenjo-Daro (Hill of the Dead)

8. Decline Cities began to decline by 2000 BC
Reason for decline not known for sure
Declined either because of environmental factors/ecological disaster (drought, drying up of rivers, etc.) or invasion
Combination of both?

9. Early Chinese Dynasties
Xia (Hsia)
ca BC-1500 BC
Shang
1700 BC-1027 BC
Zhou
Western Zhou: 1027 BC-771 BC
Eastern Zhou: 770 BC-221 BC
Warring States Period: 475 BC-221 BC

10. Early China
Chinese civilization emerged along the Huang He (Yellow) River
Two east-west rivers in area – Huang He and Yangtze
Because China is either hilly or bordered by desert, rivers valleys are very important

11. Early Settlement
First settlements occurred around 8000 BCE along the Huang He River
Grew wheat, rice, and millet
Cultivation of rice required a high degree of cooperation
Gave an impetus for government?
Chinese history from 1700 BCE until 1911 AD is measured in dynasties, or families of rulers
Dynasties overlapped. One dynasty ruled as another faded away
By 2000 BCE had discovered bronze working

12. Xia Dynasty First dynasty was mythic – Xia dynasty around 2000 BCE
Remains consist of some cities, bronze tools, and tombs.
Marks a shift from Neolithic civilization to Shang civilization.
Cities were centers of administration and ritual ruled by relatives of the King.

13. Shang Dynasty
First historically verifiable dynasty was the Shang dynasty, 1700 BC-1027 BC.
Led by a warrior aristocracy
Conquered north and west
Was feudal in nature
Traded extensively- as far as the Middle East?

14. Shang Dynasty Trade based on jade, ivory, and silk
Writing system originated during this period
Early religious beliefs included fortune-telling and ancestor worship

15. Zhou Dynasty Founded by King Wu Rebelled against the Shang
Lasted until 221 BC
In decline since 800 BC
From 475 BCE until 221 BCE referred to as the Warring States
Serious series of civil wars

16. Developments By 600 BCE had learned to make iron tools
Developed crossbow and cavalry
Made warfare more destructive
Were politically sophisticated
Rule based on the Mandate of Heaven
Right to rule given by the Gods
If you ruled wisely and fairly, you had a divine right to rule
Major religious concepts of Taoism and Confucianism emerged during this period