1. By Dominique, Stephanie, Lauryn
Chapter 11: 5-7
By Dominique, Stephanie, Lauryn

2. White Blood Cells 11-5
Circulate for only a short portion of their life-span.
Travel through the loose and dense connective tissue.
When an injury is detected the WBCs leave the bloodstream and immediately go to the injured area.

3. Types of White Blood Cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

4. Neutrophils 50%-70% of white blood cells
A mature neutrophils has a very dense contorted nucleus with two - five lobes resembling beads on a string.
These are the first white blood cells to reach an injury site.
Life span of 10 hours when not activated.
A mixture of dead neutrophils, cellular debris, and other waste products form the pus associated with infected wounds

5. Eosinophils
They were named because of their granules that stain darkly with the red dye eosin
Usually represents 2%-4%circulating white blood cells
Similar in size to Neutrophils
Attack objects coated with antibodies
Numbers increase dramatically during a parasitic infection or an allergic reaction.

6. Basophils -Have numerous granules that stain darkly with basic dyes.
In a standard blood smear the granules are purple or blue
- The cells are smaller than eosinophils and neutrophils
- They are relatively rare, accounting for less than 1% of the circulating white blood cell population.
- Migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissue
- The granules contain heparin which prevents blood clotting and histamine which enhances the local inflammation initiated by mast cells

7. Monocytes Nearly twice the size of a typical erythrocyte
Normally account for 2%-8% of circulating white blood cells
Remain in circulation for about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues
Active monocytes release chemicals that attract and stimulate neutrophils, additional monocytes, and other phagocytes

8. Lymphocytes Slightly larger than red blood cells
Contain a relatively large nucleus surrounded by a thin halo of cytoplasm
Account to 20%-40% of white blood cell population
Antibodies of lymphocytes can attack foreign cells or proteins in distant parts of the body

9. Platelets 11-6 Thrombocytes
The function is homeostasis
They clump together and stick to vessel wall
Activate an intrinsic pathway of coagulation phase
Produced by megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
Initiates the clotting process and helps close injured blood vessels
These are found in nonmammalian vertebrate
Are nucleated cells
Megakaryocytes
Red bone marrow containing enormous cells with large nuclei
Continuously shed cytoplasm in small membrane enclosed packets
These packets are the platelets that enter the bloodstream

10. Phases of Homeostasis 11-7
Stop bleeding and prevent blood loss
Vascular phase
Platelet phase
Coagulation phase

11. Blood Clotting Process
Cannot occur unless the plasma contains the necessary clotting factors which include calcium ions and 11 different plasma proteins
During the coagulation phase, one protein is converted into an enzyme, activating other proteins causing a chain reaction.

12. Extrinsic Pathways Intrinsic Pathways
Beings with the activation of protein enzymes exposed to collagen fibers at the injury site
Proceeds with the assistance of a platelet factor released by aggregating platelets.
Calcium ions and a single vitamin K affect almost every aspect of the blood clotting process.
Inadequate amounts of vitamin K leads to breakdown of the common pathway, inactivating the clotting system.
Begins the release of a lipoprotein called tissue factor by damaged endothelial cells or peripheral tissues.
The greater the damage, the more tissue factor is released and the faster clotting occurs
Common Pathways
Begins when enzymes from either the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway activate factor X, forming the enzyme prothrombinase.