1. Chapter 15:
The Resurgence of
Empire in the East

3. The Sui Dynasty ( CE)
Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty
Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty
Massive building projects
Military labor
Conscripted labor

4. The Grand Canal
Intended to promote trade between north and south China
Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
Linked network of earlier canals
1240 miles
Roads on either bank
Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century
Longest canal or artificial river in the world today!

6. The Tang Dynasty ( CE)
Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty
Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion
Emperor assassinated in 618
Tang Dynasty initiated

7. The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 CE.
The Sui and Tang dynasties, CE

8. Tang Taizong Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE)
Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne
Strong ruler
Built capital at Chang’an
Law and order
Taxes, prices low
More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies

9. Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty
Transportation and communications
Extensive postal, courier services
Became the golden age of literature in China.
Equal-field System
20% of land hereditary ownership
80% redistributed according to formula
Family size, land fertility
Worked well until 8th century
Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries, aristocratic land accumulation

10. Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations
Confucian educational curriculum
Some bribery, nepotism
But most advance through merit
Built loyalty to the dynasty
System remains strong until early 20th century

11. Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations
Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
One of the largest expansions of China in its history
Established tributary relationships
Gifts
China as “Middle Kingdom”
The kowtow ritual

12. Tang Decline
Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine
775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander
Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763
Nomadic Turkish Uighur (WEE-goor) mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang as payment
Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last emperor abdicates 907

13. The Song Dynasty, C.E.

14. Song Dynasty ( CE)
Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts
Military not emphasized
Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r CE)
Former military leader
Made emperor by troops
Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy

15. Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
Two peasant rebellions in 12th c.
Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
Civil service leadership of military
Lacked military training
Unable to contain nomadic attacks
Jurchen (a Tungusic people (Siberian) who inhabited the region of Manchuria) conquer, founding the Jin Empire, forcing Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)

16. The Song Dynasty, C.E.

17. Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year
Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals (North - Oxen, South – Water Buffaloes)
Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
Water wheels, canals
Terrace farming

18. Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production
Effective food distribution system
Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties

19. Strict Social Hierarchy
Gentry: Wealthy landowners, focused on Confucian ideals, focus on civil service

20. Urbanization
Chang’an (currently Xi'an) world’s most populous city: 2 million residents
Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million

21. Patriarchal Social Structures
Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
Elaborate grave rituals
Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors
Footbinding gains popularity
Increased control by male family members

22. Footbinding

23. Technology and Industry
A typical junk ship from the Song Dynasty
Porcelain (“Chinaware”)
Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces
Agricultural tools, weaponry
Gunpowder invented
Earlier printing techniques refined
Moveable type by mid-11th century
Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier
Naval technology
compass

24. Emergence of a Market Economy
Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages
Promissory notes, checks also used
Development of independently produced paper money
Not as stable, riots when not honored
Government claims monopoly on money production in 11th century

25. China and the Hemispheric Economy
Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities
Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods

26. Cultural Change in Tang and Song China
Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty
Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear
Clientele primarily foreign merchant class

27. Dunhuang
Mahayana Buddhism especially popular at Dunhuang in western China (Gansu province), CE
Cave temples
Buddhist temples, libraries
Economic success as converts donate land holdings
Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor

28. Conflicts with Chinese Culture
Buddhism:
Text-based (Buddhist teachings)
Emphasis on Metaphysics
Ascetic ideal
Celibacy
Isolation
Confucianism:
Text-based (Confucian teachings)
Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics, politics
Family-centered
Procreation
Filial piety

29. Chan (Zen) Buddhism Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate
Dharma translated as dao
Nirvana translated as wuwei
Accommodated family lifestyle
“one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation instead

30. Persecution of Buddhists
Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty
840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions
Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings
Limits growth but does not eradicate faiths

31. Neo-Confucianism
Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians
Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
Syncretic blend of both faiths

32. China and Korea
Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor
Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent
Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive

33. China and Vietnam Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology
But ongoing resentment at political domination
Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10th century

35. China and Early Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan
Yet Chinese culture pervasive
Imitation of Tang administration
Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” ( CE)
Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
Yet retention of Shinto religion

36. Japan and the United States
The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 36

37. Islands Hokkaido Honshu Shikuku Kyushu Okinawa
The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China.
Shikuku
Kyushu
Okinawa 37

38. Cities Sapporo Kyoto Tokyo Kobe Yokohama Hiroshima Nagoya Osaka
The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China.
Hiroshima
Nagoya
Osaka
Nagasaki 38

39. Mt. Fuji
The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 39

40. Global Tectonic Plates Japan -- On the “Fire Rim of the Pacific”
The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 40

41. Japanese Earthquakes: 1961-1994
The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 41

42. Rice Farmer’s Farmhouse: Okutsu Town, Okayama Prefecture
The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 42

43. Terrace Rice Farming
The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 43

44. Yamato Period: 300-710 “Great Kings” era
Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture:
Confucianism.
Language (kanji characters).
Buddhist sects.
Chinese art & architecture.
Government structure.
“Great Kings” era

45. Heian Japan ( CE)
Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)
Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan
Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne
Helps explain longevity of the institution

46. Heian Period: Cultural Borrowing
Chinese writing.
Chinese artistic styles.
Zen Buddhism
BUT, not the Chinese civil service system!

47. Japanese Literature Influence of Chinese kanji characters
Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
The Tale of Genji
One of rare Japanese language works of fiction written by a woman.

48. Institution of the Shogun
Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12th century
Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE
Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto

49. Medieval Japan
Kamakura ( CE) and Muromachi ( CE) periods
Decentralized power in hands of warlords
Military authority in hands of samurai
Professional warriors

50. The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!
Feudal Society
The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

51. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.
Japan:
Shogun
Land
Loyalty
Land
Daimyo
Daimyo
Loyalty
Samurai
Samurai
Samurai
Food
Protection
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant

52. Code of Bushido
Fidelity
Politeness
Virility
Simplicity

53. Seppuku: Ritual Suicide
It is honorable to die in this way.
Kaishaku – his “seconds”

54. Full Samurai Attire

55. Samurai Sword

56. Medieval Warriors
vs.
European Knight
Samurai Warrior

57. Medieval Warriors
vs.
Knight’s Armor
Samurai Armor

58. Zen Buddhism
A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China.
It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline.

59. Osaka Castle

60. Caernorfon Castle, Wales

61. Shintoism

62. Shinto Ancestor Worship Polytheism Hyper- Nationalism Great Creator
The World of the kami
Minimize sin & guilt
Great Creator
Hyper- Nationalism

63. Torii Gate, Miyajima Island

64. Torii Gate in Winter

65. A Tunnel of Torii Gates Inari Mt., Kyoto

66. An interior of a Kabuki theater.

67. Chanoyu : Tea Ceremony

68. Origami : The Art of Japanese Paper Folding

69. Calligraphy

70. Haiku : 17-syllable poem Matsuo Basho, Master of Haiku
Spring departs. Birds cry Fishes' eyes are filled with tears.
Matsuo Basho, Master of Haiku

71. Japanese Garden for Meditation

72. Japanese Zen Garden

73. Japanese Sand Garden