1. History of the GUI

2. The Early Days

3. The concept of a window system first introduced by SAGE project and Sutherland’s Sketchpad

4. SAGE Project SAGE stands for Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
Used by NORAD from the late 50s to 80s
Tracked and intercepted enemy bombers
The computers that ran it were immense

5. 55,000 vacuum tubes
1/2-acre of floor space
275 tons
and each SAGE site
had two of them

6. Sketchpad
Developed in 1963 for Ivan Sutherland’s doctoral dissertation
Ancestor to modern CAD systems
First app with a graphical user interface
Used light pen to control onscreen elements

7. oN-Line System (NLS) Englebart was influenced by the Sketchpad project
NLS was the first use of a computer mouse

8. Xerox PARC PARC - Palo Alto Research Center
Under Merzouga Wilberts, codified the WIMP paradigm
WIMP - Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers
Resulted in the Xerox Alto experimental computer, later released as Xerox Star

10. GUIs Go Mainstream

11. Lisa Developed by Apple in the late 70s and early 80s
Not commercially successful
The graphics taxed the system’s 5MHz processor, so it felt very sluggish
More advanced system than Macintosh at the time

12. Macintosh
Developed alongside Lisa at Apple in the late 70s and early 80s.
Released in 1984
First commercially successful product with a GUI
Continued to expand on WIMP ideas
Apple Human Interface Guidelines (HIG)

13. The HIG Huge, detailed document
Described how applications on Macintosh platform should behave
Very important because Mac was the first commercially viable GUI
Apple wanted to ensure developers “got it”

14. Macintosh (cont.) Drop down menus Trash can to delete files
Files looked like paper documents
Directories looked like file folders
Extensively modeled on work at PARC, but extended the work at PARC considerably

15. Apple IIGS Released in 1986 First Apple II to feature a GUI
GS/OS modeled on Macintosh OS
Included color, not to appear on a Mac until the Mac II a year later

16. GEM
Circa 1985
GUI that sat over the top of MS-DOS, Dr. DOS, CP/M, etc.
Sued by Apple over the similarities to Macintosh
Default UI on the Atari ST computer

17. GEM on an Atari ST

18. Commodore Amiga Launched by Commodore in 1985
Desktop environment called “Workbench”
Featured some very advanced graphic capabilities
Adopted extensively by video editors because of Video Toaster

19. Amiga OS

20. MS-DOS-based GUIs
Though there was no GUI in MS-DOS there were a number of applications with GUIs
Most well-known example is Deluxe Paint

21. Deluxe Paint

22. Microsoft Windows
First two versions of Windows were not commercially successful
Windows 3.0 took off
Windows 3.0 was based on Common User Access
CUA gave Windows consistency

23. Common User Access Developed by IBM
Strict rules about how apps should look and behave
Developed in response to chaotic UIs on IBM platform
Modeled around Apple Human Interface Guidelines

24. Prior to CUA... Opening a file: Wordperfect: F7 then 3
Lotus 1-2-3: / then W then R
MS Word: Esc then T then L
Wordstar: Ctrl+K+O
emacs: Ctrl+X then Ctrl+F

25. GEOS Originally ran on Commodore 64 hardware
Ported to Apple II and IBM PC
8-bit in a 16-bit world
Never really took off
Included gadgets and a word processor

26. X Window System Referred to as X11 in most circles
Standard GUI system on Unix platform
Developed to be client-server
Allows you to run graphical applications on other machines over the network
Still in use today

27. Windows 95/NT4 32-bit, can address up to 4GB of memory
Better multitasking
New “Cairo” user interface
Very successful
Followed up with Windows 98, ME, 2000, XP and now Vista

28. Mac OS X New GUI called Aqua Better multitasking
Based on NeXT OS OpenStep
Raised the bar on graphical embellishment of the interface
Included a true CLI

29. Rest of Class Continue working on your Term Paper subjects
I’ll meet with each of you individually to talk about them and finalize the subject