1. Protein Synthesis

2. Levels of Genetic Organization

3. Macromolecules of Evolution
Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, and traits that are best fit for the environment are passed on.
Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA
universal code (blueprints) for making proteins
inherited genetic information

4. Macromolecules of Evolution
Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, and traits that are best fit for the environment are passed on.
Proteins - determine physical traits
structure - materials for building cells
function -
a. carry substances throughout the body, in & out of cells
b. trigger muscle movements
c. assist with all chemical reactions in the body
d. protect the body against disease

5. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

6. RNA Overview RNA is the other type of nucleic acid.
RNA stands for ribonucleic acid
Its structure is a single strand of nucleotides
RNA’s function is to decode genes within the DNA to make proteins
Like DNA, it has 4 nitrogenous bases – guanine and cytosine
adenine and uracil

7. RNA Overview 6. There are 3 types of RNA: messenger, transfer, and
ribosomal

8. Differences Between DNA & RNA
A. Sugars
B. Number of strands
C. Bases
D. Location
1. DNA
deoxyribose sugar
double-stranded
A-T
G-C
in the nucleus
2. RNA
ribose sugar
single-stranded
A-U
G-C
in nucleus, cytoplasm & ribosome

9. Protein Synthesis Overview
DNA RNA protein traits
transcription translation

10. DNA  RNA  Protein  Trait
Protein Synthesis
DNA  RNA  Protein  Trait

11. Transcription In the first step of protein synthesis, a gene is copied
A half of the DNA helix is used as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA)
This occurs in the nucleus of the cell

12. Determine the sequence of the developing messenger RNA strand!
Transcription
Determine the sequence of the developing messenger RNA strand!
Template DNA Strand Sequence: G T C T A C T T G
Messenger RNA Sequence:
C A G A U G A A C

13. Translation
mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome

14. Translation 2. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) meets mRNA at the ribosome with
the appropriate amino acids (building blocks of proteins)
3. Amino acids attach together (peptide bond) to form a
polypeptide chain

15. Translation
a 3-base sequence of mRNA called a codon codes for a specific amino acid
a 3-base sequence of tRNA called an anti-codon bonds with a corresponding codon, delivering its amino acid

16. Translation Glu Met Asp
peptide bond
Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence of the developing polypeptide chain!

17. Proteins Amino acids bond together to make proteins.
Proteins differ due to the number, kind, sequence and arrangement of amino acids.
Amino acids are attached to one another by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
The 3D form of the protein determines its function.

18. Levels of Protein Structure
Polypeptide chains spontaneously arrange themselves
into 3-dimensional structures to form functional
There are four levels of arrangement from primary,
the straight chain of amino acids, to quaternary,
several polypeptide chains bonded together.
1º - a straight chain of amino acids
2º - chains bend and twist
3º - twisted chain folds even more; bonds form to hold the 3-dimensional shape
4º - Several polypeptide chains in the tertiary structure come together. This is a functional protein!

19. Human Genes & Proteins 46 Chromosomes (23 pairs)
approximately 25,000 genes = approximately 25,000 proteins
1 protein = approx. 500 amino acids
1 amino acid = 3 nucleotides
25,000 proteins x 1500 nucleotides = 37,500,000 nucleotides
If there are approx. 3,000,000,000 DNA base pairs on all 46 chromosomes, then… How much of our DNA codes for proteins? What do they call the rest of the DNA that does not code for proteins?