1. MATTER AND ATOMS
Goal 4: The learner will conduct investigations and utilize appropriate technology and information systems to build an understanding of chemistry. 1

2. MATTER Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Matter can have many different forms and properties, ie, air, water, cloth, wood…
Chemistry is the study of matter, it’s properties, and how it changes. 2

3. MATTER Matter is a substance, or it is not
A substance is a type of matter that is pure, has a specific make up, and has specific properties.
Salt is a substance, because it is salt no matter where it comes from, and it will react the same every time.
Cookie dough is not a substance because it can be different every time. 3

4. MATTER If something is not a substance, it may be a mixture.
A mixture is when two or more substances are together in the same place, but are not chemically combined.
Example, salad, or sugar water. 4

5. SUBSTANCE OR MIXTURE?
Sugar
Trail mix
Baking soda
Flour
Koolaid 5

6. MATTER Matter has two categories of properties
Physical properties: properties of pure substances that can be observed without changing it into another substance.
Chemical properties: a characteristic of a pure substance that allows it to change into something else.
Matter is classified by both properties. 6

7. Matter All matter can also be measured in the following ways:
Volume: The amount of space taken up by the matter
Density: the ratio of the objects mass / its volume
Mass: The amount of matter in an object
Weight: Mass X gravity.

8. O2 Na Cu WHAT MAKES UP MATTER?
All matter is made up of any combination of over 100 different substances called elements.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by chemical or physical means.
Elements are the simplest substances that can be identified by the chemical or physical properties. O2 Na Cu

9. ATOMS Atoms are the smallest particles from which elements are made.
Each element’s atoms are different.
Every atom has protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The number and orientation of these three parts give the atom its uniqueness and properties.

10. ATOMS Protons Neutrons Amu = atomic mass unit. Located in the nucleus
Have a positive (+) charge and a weight of 1 amu
Neutrons
Have a neutral charge (0) and a weight of 1 amu
Amu = atomic mass unit.

11. ATOMS Electrons Atoms also have a negative charge through electrons.
Electrons are not in the nucleus, but circle around the nucleus in what we call the electron cloud.
Electrons have such a light weight (1/836 the mass of a neutron) that we call it’s weight 0. 11

12. ATOMS
Look at the following examples of hydrogen and helium atoms. 12

13. ATOMS Each element’s atom look different.
Elements are identified by how many protons are in it’s nucleus.
For example, carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
The number of protons in a nucleus is the element’s atomic number.
Ex) oxygen’s atomic number is 8, which means it has 8 protons in it’s nucleus.

14. ATOMS
Although all elements have a set number of protons, they do not necessarily have the same number of neutrons.
When an atom of an element has more neutrons than protons, it is called an isotope.
Isotopes are identified by their mass number. A mass number is the number of protons + the number of neutrons.

15. So just how small is an atom?

16. Modeling Atoms - Bohr’s Model
¨Bohr models are a way of showing the electrons in an atom.
¨ Electrons are arranged in energy levels. In actual atoms, those energy levels are clouds of crazy shapes where the electrons are likely to be found.
¨Bohr models show the electron energy levels in nice, neat, easy to draw circles.

17. The Nucleus (Put the number of protons and neutrons in your nucleus)
¨Draw a circle in the middle of your drawing to represent the nucleus. Write the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

18. 1st energy level (2 electrons)
Draw the first ring of electrons around the nucleus. Only 2 electrons can fit in this energy level
2 e

19. 2nd energy level (8 electrons)
Draw the second ring of electrons around the nucleus. Only 8 electrons can fit in this energy level 8e 2e

20. 3rd & 4th energy levels
(18 electrons in the 3rd, 32 electrons in the 4th
32e
18 e 8e 2e

21. Let’s Draw together. Step 1- choose an atom to model- Magnesium
Step 2- draw the nucleus- How many protons and neutrons should magnesium have?
______ p
______ N

22. Drawing Magnesium Step 3- Draw the first ring.
How many can fit on the first ring?
How many are left over?
______ p
______ N 12

23. Drawing Magnesium Step 4- draw the second ring
How many electrons fit in the second ring?
How many electrons are left over?

24. Drawing Magnesium Step 5- Draw the third ring
How many electrons go on this ring?
How many are left over?

25. Practice! Draw Bohr models of the following elements: 1. lithium
2. sodium
3. carbon
4. neon
5. chlorine
6. nitrogen

26. ORGANIZING THE ELEMENTS
A Russian scientist named Mendeleev worked in the chemistry field back in 1869 when only 63 elements were discovered.
He noticed that within the discovered elements, many of them had some similarities in chemical and physical properties.
He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and found a pattern.
The atomic mass is the average mass of an elements isotopes.
From this he created the periodic table. 26

27. THE PERIODIC TABLE
Mendeleev created the first basic periodic table, today the table is more complete, with the missing elements discovered, and arranged in a specific order.
The modern periodic table is also arranged by atomic number (number of protons in each atom), not the atomic mass.
On the periodic table, you can find the atomic number, chemical symbol, element name, and atomic mass. 27

28. THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS28

29. DATA ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
The small number at the top of the box is the atomic number.
Atomic number = number of protons and electrons 8
Atomic Number O
Oxygen
15.999 29

30. DATA ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
Chemical symbol: the letter under the atomic number- symbol for the name.
(Often this is the abbreviation of the element’s name, but for some older elements, like iron, the chemical symbol may be a shortened version of it’s Latin name. I.E. Ferrum or iron, or natrium for sodium, NA) 8 O
Chemical symbol
Oxygen
Element name
15.999 30

31. DATA ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
The number at the bottom of the table is the atomic mass.
The atomic mass is the average mass of the element’s isotopes. 8 O
Oxygen
15.999
Atomic Mass 31

32. Organization of the periodic table
A period, is a horizontal row in the periodic table.
The periods are organized by increasing atomic number
Numbers increase going left to right, top to bottom.
PERIOD

33. Organization of the periodic table
Columns in the periodic table are called groups or families.
Each group of elements has similar characteristics. Groups are numbered 1-18
Most groups are named for the chemical at the top. EX) Group 14 is the carbon family. G R O U P F A M I L Y

34. Periods and groups.

35. Coloring the Periodic Table
We are going to color in the periodic table!
Choose one of the two periodic tables on your sheet and label it Families/Groups.
You will color in each family/group with a different color.
You need to coordinate this with your notes. When you finish coloring the family, color over the family name in your notes in the same color.
Let’s get started!

36. Hydrogen Like most things there are exceptions to the rule!
Hydrogen (H)
Hydrogen can have the talents and electrons of two groups, one and seven. To scientists, hydrogen is sometimes missing an electron, and sometimes it has an extra.
DO NOT COLOR HYDROGEN. WE WILL LEAVE IT BLANK

37. Alkali Metals Group 1 is called alkali metals. These metals are:
Highly reactive!- especially with water
They are never found uncombined in nature
They lose 1 electron when bonding
shiny!
Valence = 1 (Valence refers to the number of electrons in the outer shell
atch?v=I8tOtZKpi04
Choose a color and color in the first column. Then color over the word alkali metal in your notes to match.

38. Alkaline Earth Metals
These are found in group 2 of the periodic table and are:
Hard, grey/white
Good conductor of electricity
very reactive and not found uncombined in nature.
Valence = 2
s.com/videos/012.htm
Choose a color and color in the column. Then color over the word alkali Earth metal in your notes to match.

39. Transition Metals
Transition metals are found in the center of the chart and are:
Most familiar
Hard and shiny
Good conductors
Less reactive
s.com/videos/080.htm
Choose a color and color in the middle of the table. Then color over the word transition metal in your notes to match.

40. Actinides and Lanthanides.
The Lanthanide family are soft, malleable, metals with good conductivity. Lanthanides are often alloys, or a mixture of a metal with at least 1 other element.
The actinide family is the period under the lanthanides, they are highly reactive and often not found in nature.
Color the actinide and lanthanide series separately. Color coordinate with your notes.

41. The Boron Family Most are metals, Boron is a metalloid Reactive
Solid at room temp
Valence- 3
Color in the Boron
Family and color coordinate
With your notes!

42. The Carbon Family Each element can gain, lose, or share 4 electrons
Valence is 4
Carbon is the only non- metal in the family
Carbon is essential to life.
com/videos/014.htm
Choose a color and color in the Carbon family. Color coordinate with your notes.

43. The Nitrogen Family Nitrogen and Phosphorus are the only non-metals
This family gains or shares 3 electrons
com/videos/033.htm
Choose a color and color in the Nitrogen family. Color coordinate with your notes.

44. The Oxygen Family This group contains 3 non metals
These elements gain or share 2 electrons
Oxygen is also a diatomic molecule and is found as 02 in nature.
Ozone is found as 03 and is a toxic form of oxygen.
Oxygen is highly reactive and combines with most other elements- making it very abundant.
m/videos/016.htm
Choose a color and color in the Oxygen family. Color coordinate with your notes.

45. The Halogen Family Halogen means salt forming
All are non metals but astatine
All are very reactive and dangerous to people if uncombined.
Fluorine is so reactive it reacts with almost every known substance.
com/videos/035.htm
Choose a color and color in the Halogen family. Color coordinate with your notes.

46. The Noble or inert gases
These gases are non-reactive, therefore they do not usually form compounds, gain, lose, or share electrons
These gases exist in small amounts.
os.com/videos/010.htm
Choose a color and color in the Noble Gas family. Color coordinate with your notes.

47. Coloring the periodic table
The periodic table is also divided into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
Choose three colors, one for metals, another for metalloids, and a third for non-metals.
Above the periodic table, write the word Metals in the color you chose for metals.
Write metalloids in the color you chose for metalloids,
Write non-metals in the color you chose for non-metals

48. The Metals

49. Physical properties of metals.
Malleability: A malleable metal can be bent, rolled, and shaped.
Ductility: a ductile metal can be made into a wire.
Conductivity: a conductive metal can transfer electricity or heat.
In general, most metals are solid at room temperature.

50. Chemical properties of metals
Reactivity: The speed and ease with which an element will interact with another element.
Metal reactivity varies. Most reactive to the left, less as it moves right.
Corrosion: when iron reacts slowly with air to form rust.

51. Metalloids
The metalloids surround the dark staircase that runs through the right side of the periodic table.

52. Metalloids
On the border between metals and non-metal are elements called metalloids.
They have the following characteristics:
Solids at room temp
Brittle, hard
Somewhat reactive
They vary in their ability to conduct electricity based on various factors, like exposure to light, make them useful. They are called semiconductors because of this ability.

53. Non-Metals - The red colored elements

54. Non metals
Non-metal: an element that lacks most of the properties of a metal. They have the following
Physical and chemical characteristics:
Poor conductors
Highly reactive
Dull and brittle if solid.
16 are gases at room temp ( N, O)
Others are solid at room temp (C, S)
Usually gain or share an electron with other elements