1. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

2. Religious Reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups
No longer is western Europe united under one faith

3. Problems With The Church
Corruption in the Catholic Church
Many Church officials used their offices to advance their careers, wealth, and families
Simony = the buying and selling of Church offices
Pluralism = having more than one office
Many local priests seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties, especially on instructing people on how to achieve salvation
Salvation = acceptance into Heaven

4. The Church preached gaining indulgences by venerating saints, obtaining holy relics, or buying an indulgence certificate
Indulgence = release from all or part of the punishment for sin
In the 1500s archbishop Albert of Mainz started selling indulgences to pay off the large loan he took out to buy the archbishopric
Most people found the Church unconcerned with their spiritual needs

5. Erasmus and Christian Humanism
Best known Christian humanist was Erasmus
Wanted to educate people about Christianity and criticized the monks
Did not want to break away from the Church
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched”

6. Martin Luther and the 95 Theses
Martin Luther was a monk and a professor at the University of Wittenberg
He was upset by the widespread selling of indulgences
In 1517 Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Church in Wittenberg
It attacked abuses in the Church, specifically the selling of indulgences
Luther rejected the Catholic teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation
He believed that salvation was through faith alone

8. Luther also declared that the only head of the Christian Church was Jesus and not the pope, and that individual Christians should be their own interpreters of scripture
For all Protestants, the Bible, not the Church, became the primary source of religious truth

9. In response Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
Luther was also summoned to appear before the imperial diet (legislative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire at the city of Worms
At the Diet of Worms Luther was asked by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the pope’s ambassador to recant (take back) his teachings and opinions
Luther refused, saying he would only admit he was wrong if they could prove he was wrong using the Bible
The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw, but he was protected by his prince, Frederick of Saxony

10. Rise of Lutheranism
Martin Luther’s doctrines became known as Lutheranism, the first Protestant faith
Over the next few years, Luther’s religious movement became a revolution
By 1530 Lutheranism was a formally recognized branch of Christianity
Martin Luther was a social conservative

11. Politics in Germany
Germany at this time was a land of several hundred territorial states ruled by “princes”
Many individual rulers of the German states supported Luther and became Lutheran
They rebelled against the emperor, wanting the right to be able to worship
Terms of the Peace of Augsburg
It accepted the division of Christianity within Germany
German states could choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism
No religious tolerance for individuals – princes chose their subjects’ religion

12. Spread and Division of Protestantism
The ideal of Christian unity was lost forever with the Peace of Augsburg and Lutheranism was the first of many Protestant religions

13. Calvinism was started by John Calvin after he fled to Switzerland from Catholic France
He placed a new emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God
Predestination = God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate)
God knows who the elect are before they are born
No amount of good works could change this

15. John Knox became the spokesman for the Reformation in Scotland
Knox’s Reformed Church replaced the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland after years of religious turmoil
Eventually becomes the Presbyterian denomination
The Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state
They also believed in adult baptism since the true Christian church was a voluntary community of adult believers
Anabaptists were branded as dangerous radicals since rebaptizing adults was crime punishable by death
Later evolved into several religious factions, such as the Mennonites and the Amish Mennonites

16. The English Reformation
Reformation in England was due to politics and romance, not religion
King Henry VIII became king at age 17 in 1509
He was a devout Catholic who defended the Catholic Church against Luther and Erasmus
Earned the title “Defender of the Faith”
Was married to Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess, who had been married to his older brother first before he died
The problem was that after years of marriage, the couple only had the princess Mary and Henry wanted a son – felt a female monarch would weaken England

17. Henry then met and fell in love with Anne Boleyn and decided he wanted to have his first marriage annulled (declared invalid)
The pope refused, since he wouldn’t go against Catherine’s nephew, the Emperor Charles V
The king wanting to end his marriage was known as “the king’s great matter”
Henry summoned a Reformation Parliament, which declared that England was no longer under the authority of the pope
Henry became the head of the Church of England
Kept the new church closely tied to Catholicism
Henry also closed Catholic monasteries and took away Church lands

18. England’s church courts granted Henry a divorce and he married Anne, who then gave birth to Elizabeth
In 1534 the Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, which stated that the king was the supreme head of the new Church of England
Subjects had to take an oath declaring Henry the supreme head
His friend Thomas More opposed this and was beheaded
Henry was still Catholic and followed the Catholic teachings, but at his death in 1547, his nine-year old son Edward VI moved the Church of England in a more Protestant direction

19. In 1553, young Edward died and Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon, became Queen
She returned England to the authority of the pope and had Protestants burned at the stake
So many people were killed she earned the nickname “Bloody Mary”
When Mary died, Elizabeth became Queen
Tired of all the religious turmoil, Elizabeth broke with Rome and established a moderate Protestant Church of England
She did not persecute people for their religious beliefs
Some Catholics plotted to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of the Scots

22. The Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Church responded to the spread of Protestantism by beginning a series of reforms, also known as the Counter-Reformation
Formed new religious orders whose members worked to reform the Church
The most influential was formed by a Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, better known as the Jesuits
Took a vow of obedience to the church and pope
Concentrated on education to spread their message

24. The Jesuits established missions, schools, and universities and were successful in restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and Eastern Europe
The Council of Trent convened by Pope Paul III
Met on and off from 1545 to 1563
One goal was to examine criticisms made by Protestants and look at Protestant theology
In the end, they rejected all Protestant ideas and upheld Catholic theology
Both faith and good works were needed for salvation, the clergy could not marry, belief in purgatory, and the seven sacraments were upheld

26. There would be no compromise between Catholicism and Protestantism
Another goal was to address reform within the Church
Addressed the corruption of the clergy, the training of priests became regulated, and the sale of indulgences was abolished
The council was a great boost to Catholicism and many Catholics had renewed confidence in the Church
Two other things the Catholic Church did to combat the spread of Protestantism was establish the Roman Inquisition and the Index of Prohibited books (list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read, such as Erasmus, Luther, and Galileo)